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酒之我見
Wine in My Eyes
酒-物外物 文明產(chǎn)物
Wine-a material thing that transcends material, a product of civilization
酒是什么
What Is Wine?
什么是酒？我們可以不假思索地回答：用糧食、水果等含淀粉或糖的物質(zhì)發(fā)酵制成的含乙醇的飲料。倘若換一種提法，酒是什么？那我以為肯定得費些斟酌，答案也肯定迥異得很。
What is wine? To this we can reply without a second thought: an alcoholic beverage fermented of materials containing starch or sugar such as grain and fruits. However, if the question is rephrased in another way--what wine is?--then we will surely have to wrestle over it longer and the answer we provide will certainly be vastly different.
酒是一種特殊之物,具有多重性：
首先就其本質(zhì)而言，酒是一種物質(zhì)，是含有酸、酯、醇等多種化學(xué)成分的混合飲料，其中的主要成分乙醇（酒精）無需經(jīng)過消化系統(tǒng)就可被腸胃直接吸收。飲酒后幾分鐘，酒精首先被血液帶到肝臟，在肝臟過濾后，到達(dá)心臟，再到肺，從肺又返回心臟，然后通過主動脈到靜脈，再到達(dá)大腦和高級神經(jīng)中樞……進(jìn)而對人的生理和心理產(chǎn)生奇妙的作用。這可能就是人類喜酒的最基本的動機(jī)和誘因吧！
Wine is a special thing open to multiple interpretations:
First, it is by nature a material, a mixed drink containing such chemical ingredients as acids, esters, and alcohols, of which ethyl alcohol can be directly absorbed by the intestines and stomach. A few minutes after you drink wine, alcohol is first carried by blood to the liver; after a filtering process there, it reaches to the heart, then to the lungs, and then back to the heart; in the heart, it finishes its journey in the main artery and enters the veins, through which it is conveyed to the brain and the higher nervous center…and works wonderful biological and psychological effects on human. This may account for the basic motive and incentive of human’s liking booze.
酒是人類文明的產(chǎn)物，又是人類文明的標(biāo)志。自從有了酒，從達(dá)官貴人到平民百姓，各個階層與酒都有著密切聯(lián)系，酒成了人們?nèi)粘Ｉ钪胁豢苫蛉钡囊徊糠?。更?zhǔn)確地說，酒是一種文化，已經(jīng)融入了中國幾千年的歷史。是否可以這樣講,有數(shù)千年悠久歷史的"酒文化"已是中華民族文化寶庫中的重要組成部分：一方面，它的發(fā)展與中華民族文化相融相隨；另一方面，它極大地豐富了中華民族文化的內(nèi)涵。所以有人比喻，酒是文化的酵母，是中華民族傳統(tǒng)文化光彩奪目的瑰寶。國興則酒業(yè)興旺，酒香四溢；國衰則酒業(yè)凋敝，酒味苦澀，酒里蕩漾著國家的興衰與時代的嬗變。從酒誕生以來，酒就和我們?nèi)祟惿鐣ο喟?，密不可分。酒與經(jīng)濟(jì)、酒與政治、酒與戰(zhàn)爭、酒與友誼、酒與詩畫、酒與愛情、酒與宗教……酒與人類所有的一切都有著密切的聯(lián)系并產(chǎn)生作用。
Wine is a product, as well as a sign, of human civilization. Every since it was born, it has established close relationships with people of all strata--ranging from high officials, noble lords to people in the street--and become an inseparable part of people's common life. More precisely, it has found its way into Chinese history, which has lasted thousands of years. Or, in other words, the culture embodied by wine, thousands of years old, has been an important treasure in the treasury of Chinese culture. On the one hand, it has developed as part of Chinese culture; on the other, it has greatly enriched the latter. That explains why some people liken wine to a 'yeast for culture', and to a dazzling gem of Chinese traditional culture. The times of prosperity have always coincided with a booming brewing industry, while the hard times with a weakened one. Therefore, in wine we can see the ups and downs of the nation, the changes of times. Since wine was born, it has developed inseparable ties with all facets of human society: economy, politics, war, friendship, poetry & painting, love, religion…What is more, on all of these facets, wine has exerted its influences.
國人喜酒，表現(xiàn)和痕跡無處不在，影響之大、之深恐他物所不能及。在集中反映中國政治、經(jīng)濟(jì)、軍事、文化生活的四大古典文學(xué)名著中，《水滸傳》出現(xiàn)飲酒場面647次，平均每回飲酒5次多；《三國演義》出現(xiàn)飲酒場面319次，平均每回也飲酒近3次，足見酒生豪情，長俠氣，遺千秋?！段饔斡洝穼懙姆痖T生活也出現(xiàn)飲酒場面103次，平均每回有飲酒1次，可謂酒肉穿腸過，佛祖心中留，誠即可也！反映榮、寧二府生活的《紅樓夢》,出現(xiàn)飲酒場面152次,有的整回寫的都是飲宴場面，說明酒與愛情、家庭、社會變遷是多么榮辱與共、休戚相關(guān)?。∮纱丝梢?，酒在社會生活中所占地位是何等重要。
The Chinese people like wine. Signs of this liking can be found everywhere. The influence of wine is greater and more profound than any other thing. In the Four Chinese Classical Literary Masterpieces, which reflect Chinese politics, economy, military, and cultural life all at once, there are many scenes involving wine, 647 in the case of Heroes of the Marshes (5 for each chapter on average), 319 in the case of Romance of Three Kingdoms (nearly 3 for each chapter on average). From this, it can be seen that wine has a lingering effect that can encourage valor and inspire chivalry. Even though Pilgrimage to the West is a novel on Buddhism which practices abstinence, there are 103 scenes involving wine, one in each chapter on average, which testify the famous Chinese saying, 'Wine and meat go through the intestines, but the Buddha stays in the heart'. The Dream of the Red Mansions, which depicts the life in the Rong and Ning Mansions, presents the reader with 152 scenes involving wine. Some chapters are even committed to dining and wining scenes. This illustrates how closely wine is linked to love, family, and social changes, and how important the role played by wine in social life is.
酒作為一種文化形態(tài)和文化現(xiàn)象，因時代不同、地域不同、民族不同,其內(nèi)涵自然也千變?nèi)f化,異彩紛呈。
As a form and phenomenon of culture, wine varies in meaning from time to time, from region to region, from nationality to nationality.
酒之起源
Origin of Wine
酒，是人類在長期歷史發(fā)展過程中創(chuàng)造的一大飲料系統(tǒng)。世界上最古老的實物酒是伊朗撒瑪利亞出土的葡萄酒，距今三千多年，仍芳醇迷人；中國最古老的實物酒是西安出土的漢代御酒，據(jù)專家考證系糧食酒（也有專家認(rèn)證為黃酒），至今仍香醇可飲，可謂奇也！中國甲骨文中早就出現(xiàn)了酒字和與酒有關(guān)的醴、尊、酉等字，從中可以佐證酒的存在之久。至于文史中的記載更是不勝枚舉，如中國第一部詩歌總集《詩經(jīng)?大雅?即醉》中有"即醉以酒，即飽以德"的詩訊，《周易》、《周禮》、《禮記》、《左傳》等典籍中關(guān)于古代酒俗的記載更多，如"酒者可以養(yǎng)老也"（《禮記》）、"酒以成禮"（《左傳》）等。這說明酒存在著多種用途，是生活習(xí)俗中必不可少的。
Wine is a major beverage created by humankind in the course of historical development. The oldest wine in the world is the grape wine unearthed in Samaria, Iran, which remains fragrant though made over 3,000 years ago. The oldest wine in China is the imperial liquor of the Han Dynasty unearthed in Xi’an, which, according to some experts, was made of grain (other experts believe that it was made of rice). Amazingly, this ancient liquor has retained its fragrance and aroma! As a matter of fact, the inscriptions on oracle bones in China include such wine-related characters as li (醴), zun (尊), and you (酉), which proves the long existence of wine. Records in history and literature are innumerable. For instance, in Book of Poems—China’s first collection of poems, there are lines like ‘I am drunk with your wine, and gorged with your grace’; in other Chinese classics like Book of Changes, Rites of Zhou, Book of Rites, and Zuo's Commentary, there are more records on ancient wine-related customs. To serve as evidence are lines such as ‘wine is a good friend in old age’ (in Book of Rites), ‘wine is part of ritual’ (in Zuo’s Commentary), which proves that wine had many functions and was indispensible in life and customs.
酒產(chǎn)生于何時,現(xiàn)在已無可考證。
It is now hard to find out when exactly wine was brought into the world.
大約在原始社會的采集漁獵經(jīng)濟(jì)時期，人類通過品嘗成熟后自然墜落在樹洞里、石縫中已發(fā)酵的野生果實，發(fā)現(xiàn)了酒的稚物。
It was probably in the primitive society when the major forms of economy included collecting, fishing and hunting that people discovered the prototype of wine by tasting the fermented wild fruits which had naturally fallen into tree holes or stone crevices.
隨著原始農(nóng)業(yè)文明的發(fā)展，人們開始有了剩余"米糧"，這些屢屢"變質(zhì)"的食物有的酸敗腐壞，有的卻成了可食用的米酒。隨著生產(chǎn)力的提高，先民們開始觀察食物成酒的過程，探究其原因，并摸索之。
With the development of primitive agricultural civilization, people began to possess extra ‘rice or grain’, which often went ‘bad’. In some cases, they really turned sour or rotten, but in other case, they became edible rice liquor. As productivity improved, primitive people began to observe the process of food turning into wine, ponder its causes and make experiments.
同樣關(guān)于它的發(fā)明創(chuàng)造，中國各民族民間流傳著許多優(yōu)美的傳說。《戰(zhàn)國策?魏策二》中載："昔者帝女令儀狄作酒而美，進(jìn)之禹，禹飲而甘之，遂疏儀狄，絕旨酒曰：后世必有以酒亡其國者。"這則傳說可能是后人杜撰的，但它至少表明早在中國歷史的傳說時代已有酒的產(chǎn)生。民間還傳說夏代的杜康是造酒業(yè)的鼻祖，曹操的《短歌行》中有"何以解憂，惟有杜康"的名句，可見當(dāng)時的杜康酒按現(xiàn)代詞的表述已屬名優(yōu)產(chǎn)品了。倘若今天我們想知道中國古老的釀酒技術(shù)，恐怕已十分困難了。但從《禮記?月令篇》中記錄的造酒的六點注意事項"秫稻必齊，曲蘗必時，湛熾必絜，水泉必香，陶器必良，火齊必得"，不難看出古人已對原料、投曲、浸煮、水質(zhì)、器皿、火候等做酒之重要工藝環(huán)節(jié)提出了如此之高、之明確的要求，說明當(dāng)時的釀酒法已趨于成熟。當(dāng)時可能釀造的是果酒和米酒之類的低度酒，而燒酒等高度酒的釀造始于元代。明代李時珍在《本草綱目》中說："燒酒非古法也，自元間始創(chuàng)其法。"看來緣于元代蒸餾技術(shù)的發(fā)明，酒的生產(chǎn)有了長足的進(jìn)步。當(dāng)時還有了專門的燒酒作坊，米酒、果酒則民間早已有之。
There are many beautiful legends on the creation or discovery of wine among the people of the different nationalities in China. As recorded in Strategy of Wei II in Strategies of the Warring States (Zhan Guo Ce), ‘Once, the Emperor’s daughter ordered Yidi to make wine. It turned out to taste good and was then presented to Yu, who drank and liked it. Then Yu alienated Yidi and forbad people to present wine to him again, asserting that nations would fall because of wine in later ages.’ This is probably a concoction. However, it does indicates that wine may be traced as far back as the Legendary Period in Chinese history. Legend also has it that Dukang, living in the Xia Dynasty, was the inventor of wine. In fact, Cao Cao, great ancient Chinese statesman and strategist, writes in his famous poem A Short Song, ‘In order to assuage my worries, I have to turn to nothing but Dukang.’ From this household line, it can be seen that Dukang was a ‘famous brand’ for quality wine in Cao’s time according to modern standards. Most supposedly, it is difficult nowadays for us to acquire a thorough knowledge of wine making in ancient China. However, judging by the six definite specifications on wine production exacted in The Chapter on Monthes in Book of Rites, ancient Chinese people had mastered the major techniques as to raw materials, use of yeasts, immersion & steaming, quality of water used, containers, and timing; and the techniques of wine makings had attained maturity at that time. It may probably have been fruit wine and rice wine that had been brewed then; hard drinks such as hard liquor had not been made until the Yuan Dynasty. As written in Compendium of Materia Medica by Ming herbalist Li Shizhen, ‘hard liquor was not made according to an ancient formula; but rather, the formula was not invented until the Yuan Dynasty’. It seemed that the invention of distillation technology had contributed to the great headway in wine production. Furthermore, the period witnessed the appearance of specialized hard liquor workshops, while the existence of rice wine and fruit wine can be traced much farther back.
酒與政治
酒成為政治飲料，是從中國儒家學(xué)說的禮治思想直接生發(fā)出來的。禮必須貫徹到政治實踐中去,而國家政權(quán)是靠兩手來維持的,即文的一手和武的一手?！蹲髠?成公十三年》有云:"國之大事,在祀與戎"。在中國古代，祭祀是君王向臣民推行禮治的示范，也是臣民向代表上天旨意來治理百姓的帝王表示虔誠和崇拜的一種方式。在祭祀儀式中體現(xiàn)出來的上下尊卑的等級名分，臣民必須恪守不逾。南宋詞人劉克莊的"天下英雄，使君與操，余子誰堪共酒杯"，別的人都沒有資格同劉備與曹操同桌碰杯，政治等級何其森嚴(yán)。直到今天，此等現(xiàn)象，還在自覺不自覺地影響著我們的日常生活。酒宴席位的尊卑有別，仍然是以禮為核心的。此外，象征楚漢相爭成敗的"鴻門宴"、三國時期曹操"醉后殺楊修"、北宋開國皇帝趙匡胤的"杯酒釋兵權(quán)"等等，以及宮廷之中運用毒酒謀求權(quán)力的政治事件，酒都在其中充當(dāng)了媒質(zhì)。
Wine and Politics
The Confucian theory of ‘rule by ritual’ has resulted directly in wine’s being used as a political drink. Ritual must be implemented in political practice; and a state power has to be maintained by two means: one civil and the other martial. As The 13rd Year in the Reign of Chenggong in Zuo Zhuan puts it, ‘ceremony and war are two matters of vital importance for a nation.’ In ancient China, sacrificial ceremonies were exemplary occasions on which emperors reinforced their rule by ritual over subjects; they were also a occassions on which the subjects showed respect and royalty to emperors who were supposedly ruling on behalf of Heaven. The subjects must uphold the hierarchy demonstrated through the sacrificial ceremonies. In a poem by Southern Song poet Liu Kezhuang, there is a line which goes, ‘Governor Liu Bei and Cao Cao were the greatest heroes under Heaven; who of the rest were qualified to clink goblets with the two?’ This line, implying that few were even qualified to drink at the same table with Liu Bei and Cao Cao, may shed some light on the rigorousness of the hierarchy. Up to today, ritual is still exerting its influences on our daily life even though observing ritual may be either a conscious or unconscious act. For example, underlying the arrangement of seats at a banquet table remains ritual. Besides, in political events such as the ‘banquet at Hongmen’ which determined the result of the war between Chu and Han, ‘drunk Cao Cao killing Yang Xiu’ in the period of the Three Kingdoms, Zhao Kuoyin (Founder Emperor of the Song Dynasty) ‘relieving the generals of their command of military forces with a toast at a banquet’, and using poisonous wine in the struggle for the crown, wine had served an important medium.
酒與軍事
某人不才觀歷史，揣摩酒還可在軍事中作為動員令。無論是古代還是現(xiàn)代，酒與軍隊征戰(zhàn)的關(guān)系都是密不可分的。軍隊出征前，要喝出征壯行酒；凱旋后，要喝慶祝勝利的祝捷酒。"野幕敞瓊宴，羌戎賀勞旋。醉和金甲舞，雷鼓動山川"（盧綸）。軍隊打了勝仗，接踵而至的是：盛大的宴會，異族的祝賀，乘醉的狂舞，震天的鼓聲。歷史上，這類以酒壯行、以酒祝捷的事例比比皆是。越王勾踐在率兵伐吳之前，將酒倒在河的上流，與將士一起迎流共飲，士氣大振，留下了"簞醪勞師"之千古佳話。秦穆公討伐晉國前，打算犒勞將士，以鼓舞將士斗志，但酒醪卻僅有一盅，于是秦穆公將這一盅酒倒入河中與大家分享，三軍飲后，酒不醉人心自醉。西漢時，大將軍霍去病收復(fù)河西失地有功，漢武帝賜酒犒勞。因酒少兵多，霍去病下令將酒傾入一眼井中，與士卒共飲。斯人已逝，但歷史永存，今日的酒泉還在默默地向人們訴說著久遠(yuǎn)的故事。電影《上甘嶺》插曲中的"朋友來了有好酒，若是那豺狼來了，迎接它的有獵槍"，實質(zhì)上也是志愿軍保家衛(wèi)國的"動員令"。事實說明，酒確實具有鼓舞士氣、振奮精神的作用。
Wine and Military
As is of my humble opinion, wine can also be used to inspire soldiers in the course of mobilization. Whether in ancient times or now, wine has been closely connected with war. Before an expedition, soldiers drink wine to bolster morale; having returned triumphantly, soldiers drink wine to celebrate their victory. As Lu Lun writes in a poem, ‘banquets are thrown in the wilderness, to treat the soldiers who have routed the Qiang people; intoxicated, the soldiers clad in shimmering armors began to dance, with thundering drums rocking mountains.’ This peom presents us with a scene of celebration after a victory: grand banquets, drunk dancing, and thundering drumbeats. Chinese history has seen numerous such scenes. Before Goujian, King of Yue, led his troops on the expediation against Wu, wine was poured in the water upstream and he and his soldiers laddled to drink downstream. As a result, the morale of the army was greatly boosted. And this has been a legend through ages. Before Duke Mu of Qin launched a crusade against Jin, he decided to reward his generals and soldiers with food and drink to bolster morale. However, he had only one goblet of wine. So he poured it into the river and shared it with his men, who were immensely moved. In the Western Han Dynasty, Emperor Wu of Han rewarded General-in-Chief Huo Qubing with wine after the army led by the latter reclaimed the lost land west of the Yellow River. As the wine was too little for the soldiers, Hu ordered that the wine be poured into a well so that he and his men could share it. Though these historical figures deceased long ago, their stories have been passed on from generation to generation. The place in Northwest China called Jiuquan (literally Wine Well) is silently testifying the story that happened long long ago in Chinese history. As a line in the interlude of the famous film Shang Gan Ling goes, ‘we treat our visiting friends with good wine, and intruding enemies with hunting guns.’ This song had greatly lifted the Chinese volunteer army’s morale. All these facts have proved that wine does play an important role in morale raising.
酒與名人
酒與詩，水乳交融，源遠(yuǎn)流長。"李白斗酒詩百篇"、"何時一樽酒，重與細(xì)論文"、"敏捷詩千首，飄零酒一杯"，杜甫歌懷李白的這些名句和歐陽修的"天樂地樂,山樂水樂,皆因為有酒"當(dāng)屬顯例。這顯例彰顯著一種道理：酒是水與火的結(jié)晶（二個極端的融合，事物的中庸，產(chǎn)生了極其美妙的意想不到的結(jié)果，這是人類偉大的杰作），它能給人帶來暢快，加倍感悟到人的本質(zhì)和人生的真諦。古今中外不知有多少詩人，因酒而萌生創(chuàng)作沖動，打開情感大門，展開想象翅膀；也不知有多少詩篇、杰作、墨寶，因酒而成，酣暢淋漓，形神兼?zhèn)?。酒飲微醺之時的心理感受與創(chuàng)作靈感到來時的心理體驗，異曲同工，殊途同歸，就像一對孿生兄弟，盡管不是一個人，卻難分你我。藝術(shù)靈感到來之時，猶如進(jìn)入"迷狂"境界，情感噴薄而出，幻想展翅高飛，形象紛至沓來，思想活躍異常，剎那間物我兩忘，超越時空的限制和功利的欲求，獲得渾然天成的審美境界。徐渭的醉酒繪青藤，蘇軾的把酒問青天，皆為世間罕見杰作，當(dāng)屬酒之功勞！歷代詩人墨客飲酒欲詩，賦詩思酒，詩中有酒，酒中出詩。李太白"舉杯邀明月"，蘇東坡"把酒問青天"，杜子美"說詩能累夜，醉酒或連朝"，毛澤東"把酒酹滔滔，心潮逐浪高"等著名詩句，都充分表明酒是詩人想象的翅膀。
Wine and Celebrities
The union between wine and peotry has a long history. Serving as obvious cases in point are the famous lines by great Tang poet Du Fu praising Li Bai, (i.e. ‘Li Bai can compose a hundred poems with one goblet of wine’, ‘when can we review poems again/with a goblet of wine at hand? ’, and ‘with an agile mind, he has composed hundreds of poems/drifting all over, he has but one wine goblet’), and Ouyang Xiu’s famous quotation that ‘I enjoy the views of the sky, the ground, the mountains and the rivers, all because of wine’. This has revealed to us a truth that, being a product of water and fire (the combination of two extremes and the approach of moderation have brought about a wonderful result—a masterpiece by mankind), wine can bring people joy and enable people to get a keener feeling of the nature of humanity and the essence of life. Since ancient times, at home and abroad, numerous poets have been inspired by wine so that they open their minds and spread the wings of their imagination; and numerous poems, essays, and calligraphic works, being created in a state of intoxication, acquire an usual charm because of the spontaneous expression of feelings and the perfect incorporation of form and spirit. Slight intoxication and the arrival of inspiration tend to give the artists similar feelings; the feelings generated by wine and inspiration are like twins, who can not be distinguished from each other though essentially different. When an inspiration comes, the artist is plunged into a state of ‘delirious ecstacy’: the torrents of his emotions find vent and surge forth; his imagination soars; and images keep surfacing in his active mind. Then for a moment, he becomes unaware of the self and the outside world, feels as if he had transcended the bounds of time and space and broken free of the chains of the desires for fame and gains, and reaches an elevated level of aesthetic appreciation. The green vines painted by Xu Wei after he was drunk and the poems composed by Su Shi after he was intoxicated are all artistic masterpieces, which should invariably be attributed to wine! Through all ages, poets and scholars often want to compose poems after they are drunk and desire wine when they conduct literary creation. In poems, we see wine and from wine come inspirations for poems, to wit: ‘raising a cup, I invite the moon to drink’ by Li Bai, ‘with a goblet of wine in hand, I ask the azure sky’ by Su Dongpo, ‘our talk on poetry may last over nights; and we are drunk morning after morning’ by Du Zimei, and ‘I pay tribute to the river with wine golbet in hand, and the surges in my mind rise higher than the waves’ by Mao Zedong. All these lines fully demonstrate that wine can give wings to poets’ imagination.
同樣酒之于書畫藝術(shù)家，堪是神品的催化劑。有著"畫圣"頭銜的吳道子，"每欲揮毫，必須酣飲"，唐明皇命他畫嘉陵江三百里山水的風(fēng)景，他酒后揮毫，一日而就；王羲之醉中揮毫，成就了《蘭亭集序》，至酒醒時，"更書數(shù)十本，終不能及之"。懷素酒醉潑墨，方留下驚鬼神的《自敘帖》。"三杯草圣傳"張旭"每大醉，呼叫狂走，乃下筆"，才有了"揮毫落紙如云煙"的《古詩四帖》。
Similarly, wine is an effective and powerful catalyst to calligraphers and painters. Wu Daozi, known as ‘painter of all painters’, was said to ‘carouse every time he wants to paint’. Once Emperor Ming of Tang ordered him to draw a painting of the 300-kilometer-long Jialing River, he applied brushes to the paper in intoxication and finished the painting within one day. Wang Xizhi completed his most important calligraphic work Preface to the Orchid Pavilion Collection when he was drunk, and after he sobered up, he ‘composed dozens more, all of which fail to reach the notch’. Huaisu, Tang calligrapher and monk, poured ink over paper in intoxication and created the wonderful calligraphic work Autobiography. Zhang Xu, ‘master of incursive script’, who ‘will not apply the brush to paper until he is on a gag and keeps running about’, also calligraphed Four Ancient Poems in complete intoxication.
酒與經(jīng)濟(jì)
酒在經(jīng)濟(jì)中擔(dān)有活力素之功。酒，本身就是一種高附加值的商品。由于飲酒是一項非常普遍的社會活動，消費群體非常廣泛，所以釀酒業(yè)歷來是獲利豐厚的行業(yè)。在古代，開辦酒坊便預(yù)示著滾滾財源，不斷成就著富商巨賈。南宋時期，趙構(gòu)皇帝避金南退至紹興，為支付其龐大的費用開支，就出政策大力扶植紹興酒的生產(chǎn)發(fā)展，于是有了"越地?zé)o處不酒家"、"城中酒壚千百家"之景象。今天，名牌名酒往往是當(dāng)?shù)氐?支柱產(chǎn)業(yè)"，擔(dān)當(dāng)著振興當(dāng)?shù)亟?jīng)濟(jì)的重任。白酒中的六朵金花、啤酒中幾大巨頭、葡萄酒中的三大支柱、黃酒中的古越龍山，無不為之傾力貢獻(xiàn)。此外，酒在經(jīng)濟(jì)交往、密切關(guān)系、溝通情感方面有著其他商品無法替代的作用，在招商引資、搞活地區(qū)經(jīng)濟(jì)方面始終發(fā)揮著"活力素"的作用。
Wine and Economy
Being a comodity with high added value, wine has injected vigor into economy. Now that wine drinking is a very common social activity undertaken by a wide range of consumer groups, wine brewery has always been a highly lucrative industry. In ancient times, running a wine shop promised profits that kept rolling in; many commercial giants were made in the trade. In the Southern Song Dynasty, Zhao Gao, the Emperor of the Southern Song Dynasty, took refuge from the invasion of the Jin Dyansty in Shaoxing. In order to cover his huge expenses, he promulgated policies to grant strong support for the wine making industry in the place. As a result, ‘there are wine shops everywhere’ and ‘tens of hundreds of wine workshops in the city’. Today, more often than not, wineries that produce wine or liquor of certaim famous brands serve as pillars for local economy. In the case of spirits, there are the six most famous producers; as for beer, there are a couple of giants; when it comes to grape wine, there are three major makers; and as far as millet wine is concerned, there is the most famous brand ‘Dragon Hill from Ancient Yue’ (Gu Yue Long Shan). All of them have made their due contribution. In addition, wine has been playing irreplaceable roles in economic exchanges, building close relationships and emotional communication. In the meantime, it has also served as ‘invigorator’ in inviting investment and boosting local economy.
酒與社會交往
酒在交往中是媒介，是黏合劑。常言道，酒逢知己千杯少，話不投機(jī)半句多。喝酒是表達(dá)友好的一種方式。俗話說，要交友，常喝酒。酒與社交有內(nèi)在的聯(lián)系，飲酒為結(jié)交朋友提供了良好的契機(jī)。有了酒，朋友間的感情會更融洽，"五花馬，千金裘，呼兒將出換美酒，與爾同銷萬古愁"（李白）、"自古圣賢皆寂寞，唯有飲者留其名"是一種真情的流露。酒還是化解個人之間恩怨的有效手段。"度盡劫波兄弟在，酒杯一端泯恩仇"。雙方之間不管有多深的積怨，只要一端杯，矛盾差不多就化解了。飲酒為交友提供了良好的契機(jī)。到一個朋友那里喝酒，會結(jié)識許多新朋友，朋友的朋友會發(fā)展成為你的朋友，如此滾動下去，你的朋友就會遍天下了。舉杯同飲的"同心酒"，交臂搭脖一飲而盡的"盟誓酒"，不僅會起到增進(jìn)了解、密切感情的作用，甚至?xí)_(dá)到同生死共命運的盟誓效果。飲酒也是展示個人風(fēng)采和魅力的重要窗口。溫雅的姿態(tài)、得體的舉止、文明的談吐都會給人留下美好的印象，提高你的社會地位和知名度。
Wine and Socializing
Wine plays an important adhensive role in social communications. As the Chinese saying goes, ‘For a congenial friend a thousand toasts are too few; in a disagreeable conversation one word more is too many.’ Making toasts is a way of expressing friendliness. As another saying goes, ‘In order to make friends, often make toasts.’ Wine has an intrinsic relationship with socializing and drinking wine provides us with an opportunity to make friends. Wine can serve as a lubricant in your friendships. Lines like ‘let me tell my son to trade the five-colored jade horse and precious fur for delicous wine; /and let drown our woes of ten thousand generations’ (Li Bai), and ‘saints have always been lonely since ancient times, / only those who drank have left their names’ constitute a spontaneous outflow of the artists’ true emotions. Wine is also an effective means to dissolve personal enmities. No matter how deep-rooted their rancor may be, it almost always dissolves the moment the two parties raise their glasses and propose a toast. Wine drinking also provides an opportunity to make friends. Attending a banquet at a friends may enable you to make more friends; your friend’s friends may become yours too. If you keep this virtuous cycle rolling, you will have friends all over the world. ‘Wine of common minds’ drunk at the same time and ‘wine of oath’ drunk with crossed arms around necks not only can deepen our understanding of each other, arouse intimate feelings, but also may encourage the parties involved to cast in our lot with each other. Wine parties also provide us with chances to demonstrate our personal charm. Graceful carriage, appropriate conduct, and civilized speech may leave your good impression on others and improve your social status as well as your fame and popularity.
酒與人民生活
作為一種表現(xiàn)形式，酒亦可作為人民生活中的一種刻度表。酒，有人稱它為上品，有人稱它為妙品，有人稱它為珍品，有人稱它為貢品，有人稱它為帶來豐厚利潤的暢銷商品……隨著時代的變遷、社會的進(jìn)步和人民生活水平的不斷提高，我國人民的日常消費已經(jīng)從延續(xù)生命的需要，發(fā)展演變?yōu)橄硎苌倪^程。這一變化可以從各類酒的消費人群的迅速擴(kuò)大得以證明。人喝酒主要是想刺激精神世界，這種消費不是延續(xù)生命而是在享受生命。但人很難控制酒量，事與愿違傷害身體健康也是常有的事?，F(xiàn)在酒的糖度低、熱量低、氨基酸豐富、維生素豐富、無機(jī)鹽豐富，使人既享受生命又延長了壽命，極大地滿足了人民對生活水平不斷提高的要求，成為人民生活水平不斷提高的"刻度表"。
當(dāng)然成也蕭何敗也蕭何，酒之功之大、影響之深人所共知，但因酒之禍亦不絕于耳，唯量有度，重在自律，凡物凡事，均應(yīng)二利相權(quán)取其重，二弊相權(quán)取其輕，為之、順之、適之、好之……
美酒，是一件藝術(shù)佳作，以其水的外形，火的性格的獨特魅力，滲透在人類生活的每一個角落，人類文化的每一個方面。她是生活困苦中的樂觀，是驚濤駭浪中的堅強(qiáng)，是努力奮發(fā)中的進(jìn)取，因而能為我們的生命帶來如此豐富的色彩，如此無限的歡樂。
Wine and People’s Life
As a means of expression, wine is also an indicator of people’s life. Some call it a thing of the highest grade, some think it excellent, some consider it valuable, some look on it as a proper tribute, and some regard it as a fast-selling commodity that brings considerable profits… With the changes of times, the advances of society, and the constant improvement of people’s life, Chinese people’s consumption has evolved from meeting the needs of life sustenance to enjoying life. This change may be proved by the rapid expansion of consumer groups of various alcoholic drinks. People booze to meet spiritual needs. This consumption is no longer intended to meet the need of life sustenance, but the need of life enjoyment. On the other hand, now that it is hard for people to control how much wine they drink, it is very common that this beverage does harm to their health against their will. Alcoholic drinks today featuring lower sugar content and heat, rich amino acids, vitamins and inorganic salts, have not only enabled people to enjoy life, but also prolonged their life spans, thereby satisfying the demand of people’s improving life. They have become an indicator of the level of people’s life.
Of course, every coin has two sides. The positive influences of wine is universally acknowledged; their disasters and tragedies caused by it have also been frequently heard of. Thus, self-discipline is key to avoiding its disadvanages and bringing to play its advantages. When comparing two advantages, we should choose the one that is more advantageous; when weighing two disadvantages, we should settle for the one that is less disadvantageous. We have to make balances and compromises…
Good wine is an excellent work of art. With its form of water and character of fire, it can be found everywhere in human’s life and in every facet of human civilization. In a life of destitution, she brings optimism; in a life of turbulence, she brings hardiness; and in a time of enterprise, she adds momentum. Therefore, she can always many colors and much joy to our life.
【發(fā)布時間】2014-01-10 【信息來源】管理員 【瀏覽點擊】3409次
