首頁新聞中心蘇州翻譯公司文化類翻譯-我院經(jīng)典譯文《三國志》
桃園結(jié)義
Becoming Sworn Brothers in the Peach Garden
正在黃巾起義聲勢(shì)越來越浩大的時(shí)候，漢室后裔劉備在涿縣的大街上邂逅關(guān)羽、張飛，三人在桃園結(jié)為兄弟，發(fā)誓“為國為民而戰(zhàn)，愿同年同月同日死”[譯者注：《三國演義》中的原文為“上報(bào)國家，下安黎庶；不求同年同月同日生，只愿同年同月同日死”]。此事稱之為“桃園結(jié)義”。劉備等人率領(lǐng)義勇軍積極鎮(zhèn)壓黃巾起義。后來，董卓實(shí)行暴政，袁紹、曹操、孫堅(jiān)（孫權(quán)之父）以及劉備等人為反抗董卓，結(jié)成反董卓大軍，在虎牢關(guān)與呂布等人展開激戰(zhàn)，后來董卓因貂蟬用“連環(huán)計(jì)”離間而被呂布?xì)⒑?。董卓出現(xiàn)以后，后漢迎來了群雄割據(jù)的時(shí)代，其中擁立皇帝的曹操脫穎而出，在官渡之戰(zhàn)中大敗袁紹。此時(shí)，投降曹操的關(guān)羽為報(bào)恩而大顯身手，后憑借一身超強(qiáng)的武藝突破曹操手下的重重阻攔，回到了劉備身邊。
The Yellow Scarf Rebellion was gathering momentum when Liu Bei, a descendant of the Han imperial family, encountered Guan Yu and Zhang Fei. The three took an oath to become sworn brothers in a peach garden, vowing 'to fight for the country and the people, with the wish to die on the same day' [translator's note: in The Romance of the Three Kingdoms, the words are: 'We shall serve our country and the people; though we were not born on the same day, we wish to die on the same day.'] The event was known as 'becoming sworn brothers in the peach garden'.
Liu Bei and his sworn brothers led an army of volunteers which played an active role in quelling the Yellow Scarf Rebellion. Later, when Dong Zhuo imposed a tyrannical rule, Yuan Shao, Cao Cao and Suan Jian (father of Suan Quan) as well as Liu Bei and his brothers coalesced into a great army against Dong, which fought a brutal battle with Lü Bu and others at Hulao Pass. Later Dong was estranged from Lü Bu, who tried to steal his concubine Diao Chan, and was killed by Lü. The appearance of Dong marked the beginning of the era of warlord regimes in the Eastern Han Dynasty. Cao Cao, who purported to support the emperor, stood out among the warlords and dealt a crushing defeat to Yuan Shao in the Battle of Guandu. To pay a debt of gratitude, Guan Yu, who had capitulated to Cao Cao, gave a full display of his capability. Later, his superior martial skills enabled him to break through barriers set up by Cao Cao's men and return to Liu Bei.
劍―—武器
The sword and other weapons
三國時(shí)期是一個(gè)改良各種武器的時(shí)代。由于制鐵技術(shù)發(fā)達(dá)，用來“刺”的劍、用來“砍”的刀以及同時(shí)兼具“砍”和“刺”兩種功能的戟得到了改進(jìn)，特別是刀和雙戟得到了普及。據(jù)說，當(dāng)時(shí)諸葛亮（孔明）把弩改良為連弩，還發(fā)明了馬用的撒菱。該部分將展示在赤壁出土的箭頭以及在中國各地出土的武器。
The Three Kingdoms Period saw the improvement of weapons. The well-developed iron smelting technology made it possible to improve the sword for stabbing, the broadsword for chopping, and the halberd for both stabbing and chopping. In particular, the use of the broadsword and the double halberds became widespread. It is said that Zhuge Liang (Kongming by courtesy name) devised the repeating crossbow on the basis of the crossbow and invented the spikes against horses. The part shows arrowheads unearthed in Chibi and weapons unearthed in other parts of China.
軍備——騎馬、士兵和要寨
Armaments for horses, soldiers and fortresses
當(dāng)時(shí)的軍隊(duì)中，機(jī)動(dòng)能力最強(qiáng)的要數(shù)騎兵。雖然數(shù)量不多，但騎兵可以在馬上拉弓射箭，這個(gè)時(shí)期開始馬身上也披上了鎧甲。最大限度利用騎兵的人是曹操。另外，當(dāng)時(shí)的城墻是采用筑土的版筑方式建成。用城墻圍成的要寨被建成重要據(jù)點(diǎn)，城市本身也是城墻圍成的要塞。該部分將展示當(dāng)時(shí)騎馬部隊(duì)、要寨的情況、軍船以及用來指南的“指南車”的模型。
The most mobile part of an army of that time was the cavalry. Despite their limited number, mounted soldiers could shoot arrows from horseback. Horses were also armored. The man who made the most use of the cavalry was Cao Cao. Besides, city walls were built with rammed earth, and fortresses enclosed by such walls, including the cities, were built as major strongholds. This part shows cavalries, fortresses and warships of that time and a model of a 'south-pointing carriage' serving as a compass.
諸葛亮（孔明）發(fā)明的兵器
Weapons invented by Zhuge Liang
為了彌補(bǔ)蜀國國力不足的狀況，諸葛亮（孔明）開發(fā)了各種各樣的兵器。蜀國遠(yuǎn)征魏國時(shí)遇到的最大難題是糧食運(yùn)輸問題。蜀軍必須要通過一種被稱作“棧道”（在懸崖上打樁后鋪上木板修成的道路）的道路?？酌鳛榻鉀Q這一問題，開發(fā)了即使在狹窄的棧道上也能靈活移動(dòng)、依靠少量人力就能大量運(yùn)輸?shù)摹⒈环Q作“木牛流馬”的運(yùn)輸車。另外，孔明還對(duì)古時(shí)的弩進(jìn)行改良，將其改良成為能夠連續(xù)發(fā)射的連弩。
To compensate for the deficient power of Shu, Zhuge Liang invented a variety of weapons. The greatest problems facing Shu during his expedition against Wei was the transport of rations, for the Shu army had to pass through zhandao, roads consisting of planks laid on stakes driven into the sides of cliffs. To solve the problem, Zhuge Liang invented a special type of vehicle that could move easily on narrow plank roads and that enabled the transport of large quantities by a relatively small number of men. Besides, he devised the repeating crossbow on the basis on the traditional crossbow.
治國―政治?經(jīng)濟(jì)―
Government: Politics and Economy
《三國志》的時(shí)代是一個(gè)“華麗而黑暗的時(shí)代”。寒冷的氣候、不斷的戰(zhàn)亂、以及由此導(dǎo)致的生產(chǎn)力的低下、董卓的暴政導(dǎo)致的貨幣經(jīng)濟(jì)的崩潰、戰(zhàn)爭優(yōu)先的國家體制，這些都嚴(yán)重影響了人們的生活。在這樣的危機(jī)中，三個(gè)國家都建立新的制度并嘗試制造貨幣，在一定程度上促進(jìn)了經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展。同時(shí)，各國還與外國開展了往來。另外，在長江流域，吳國在孫權(quán)的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)下，通過開發(fā)，使農(nóng)業(yè)和商業(yè)得到了發(fā)展。該部分將展示已出土的三國時(shí)期執(zhí)政者的貴族生活用品、反映當(dāng)時(shí)政治經(jīng)濟(jì)活動(dòng)的木簡、印章和貨幣等出土文物以及一些與農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)活動(dòng)有關(guān)的隨葬品等。
The Three Kingdoms Period was an era of both splendor and darkness. The cold climate, continual wars and the consequent low productivity, the collapse of monetary economy caused by the tyranny of Dong Zhuo, and the war-oriented government--all these had a tremendous impact on people's lives. During the crisis, all the three kingdoms established new systems and tried making currencies, their efforts boosting economy to some degree. The kingdoms also traded with foreign countries. In the Yangtze River Valley, under the leadership by Sun Quan, the Kingdom of Wu developed agriculture and commerce. This part shows unearthed aristocrats' articles of everyday use during the the period, inscribed wooden slips, seals and money reflecting economic activities, and buried articles related to agricultural production.
執(zhí)政者―——與曹家有關(guān)的物品
The ruler: articles related with the Caos
1974年，考古人員在安徽省亳縣發(fā)現(xiàn)了曹操祖先的墳?zāi)埂Ｓ捎谀怪邪l(fā)現(xiàn)了只允許諸侯和高官穿戴的銀縷玉衣，所以考古人員猜測其中有位居高官的曹操祖父曹騰以及父親曹嵩的墳?zāi)埂Ｔ摬糠謱⒄故境鐾恋你y縷玉衣，還有從曹操修建的銅雀臺(tái)遺址、曹丕舉行接受后漢皇帝讓位儀式的受禪臺(tái)遺址出土的文物以及曹操書法的拓本等。
In 1974, archeologists discovered the tomb of an ancestor of Cao Cao in Baoxian, Anhui. The discovery of a jade burial suit sewn with silver wires, the use of which was confined to a feudal lord or a senior official, led to the guess that the tomb was occupied by Cao Cao's grandfather Cao Teng, a senior official, and his father Cao Song. This part shows the unearthed jade suit, relics unearthed at the site of the Bronze Bird Terrace built by Cao Cao and the site of the terrace where Cao Pi took over the throne from the emperor of the Eastern Han Dynasty, and rubbings of Cao Cao's calligraphy.
話題―執(zhí)政者曹操
Topic: Cao Cao as a ruler
在《三國演義》中，曹操是劉備的敵人這個(gè)角色，但他同時(shí)也是一個(gè)非常具有改革精神的政治家。比如，為確保兵糧，曹操實(shí)行“屯田制”，把土地租給難民和士兵耕種。一般認(rèn)為，這一制度導(dǎo)致后來出現(xiàn)了“均田制”（日本稱之為“班田收授法”）。另外，曹操還實(shí)行了“戶調(diào)制”，以實(shí)物而不是以貨幣交租稅，以戶而不是以個(gè)人為單位征稅。據(jù)說，這是日本后來引進(jìn)的“租庸調(diào)制”的原形。另外，曹操還“唯才是舉”，向社會(huì)發(fā)出了“求賢令”。
In The Romance of the Three Kingdoms, besides being an enemy of Liu Bei, Cao Cao is also a statesman with a readiness for reform. For instance, to ensure the supply of military rations, he implemented a system in which land was leased to refugees and soldiers for cultivation. It is generally believed that the system led to the appearance of the system of land equalization. He implemented another system in which taxes were paid with goods rather than currencies and levied on households instead of individuals. This is said to be the prototype of the Tax-Labor-Substitution System, which was later introduced to Japan. Besides, believing in meritocracy, Cao Cao issued 'edicts of seeking wise men'.
莊園――貴族的生活
Manors: life of the aristocracy
莊園是貴族與豪族的私人領(lǐng)地。由于當(dāng)時(shí)氣候反常且連年戰(zhàn)亂，商業(yè)和農(nóng)業(yè)衰落，貴族和豪族趁機(jī)將沒落農(nóng)民的土地收入莊園，并不斷擴(kuò)大規(guī)模。由于社會(huì)動(dòng)蕩不安，貴族和豪族們減少了與外部的交易，在莊園內(nèi)構(gòu)建了自給自足的體制，同時(shí)為了保衛(wèi)莊園，他們將自己的宅邸變成要塞，大一些的莊園開始發(fā)展成為一個(gè)小的王國。該部分將展示可以了解莊園貴族生活的隨葬品。
Manors were private estates of aristocrats or families of distinction. The abnormal climate and continual wars led to the decline of commerce and agriculture. Aristocrats and powerful families incorporated lands of down-and-out farmers into their manors and continually expanded them. Due to social unrest, they traded less with the outside and built their manors into self-contained communities. In addition, for defense, they turned their houses into fortresses, and a large manor might develop into a small kingdom. This part shows buried articles shedding light on the life of aristocrats in manors.
政――文字和印章
Administration: writing and seals
三國時(shí)期與現(xiàn)代一樣，統(tǒng)治者也是用文件傳達(dá)命令。文件寫在竹簡和木簡上面，逐漸也開始使用紙張。這一變化引發(fā)了一場書體革命，書法作為一門藝術(shù)誕生出來。另外，為了給文件和書信封印而制作的印章上面，刻著地位和官職，成為命令的證明。該部分將展示三國時(shí)期使用的印章、木簡和石刻等與文字有關(guān)的東西。
Like the modern times, the Three Kingdoms Period saw rulers using documents to send orders. Documents were written on bamboo or wooden slips, which gradually gave way to paper. The change brought about a calligraphic revolution that led to the birth of calligraphy as an art form. Besides, stamps for sealing documents and letters were inscribed with social positions and official ranks to vouch for the veracity of orders. This part shows seals, wooden slips and stone carvings, all related to writing, of the period.
商――貨幣和貿(mào)易
Commerce: currencies and trade
三國時(shí)期，各國為提高本國經(jīng)濟(jì)實(shí)力，都大力發(fā)展國內(nèi)商業(yè)和對(duì)外貿(mào)易。特別是魏國，據(jù)說還通過絲綢之路逐步與西域國家發(fā)展貿(mào)易。另外，各國還開始鑄造因董卓暴政而不再使用的貨幣，但好像當(dāng)時(shí)三個(gè)國家中流通到國外的貨幣只有蜀國的貨幣。該部分將展示當(dāng)時(shí)通過對(duì)外貿(mào)易得到的物品和貨幣等出土品。
In the Three Kingdoms Period, to boost their economic power, all the kingdoms vigorously developed domestic commerce and foreign trade. The Kingdom of Wei, in particular, is said to have gradually developed trade with countries in the Western Regions via the Silk Road. Besides, the kingdoms began to make currencies, which had fallen into disuse due to Dong Zhuo's tyranny. However, it seems that only currencies of Shu ever made their way out of the confines of the kingdom that made them. This part shows unearthed goods and currencies obtained through foreign trade.
生產(chǎn)――農(nóng)耕、畜牧
Production: agriculture and animal husbandry
后漢末年至三國時(shí)期的這段時(shí)期里，戰(zhàn)亂不斷，人們生活無法安定，農(nóng)耕、畜牧生產(chǎn)也隨之荒廢下來。不過，由于群雄集中在三個(gè)國家，豪族和貴族也在自己的莊園內(nèi)勤于經(jīng)營，所以農(nóng)耕和畜牧業(yè)也得到慢慢恢復(fù)。該部分將展示描述當(dāng)時(shí)農(nóng)耕畜牧生產(chǎn)情況的出土品。
The time between the last years of the Eastern Han Dynasty and the Three Kingdoms Period was marked by continual wars that disrupted people's lives and caused the neglect of agriculture and animal husbandry. However, they were gradually restored thanks to the fact that most of the warlords were in the three kingdoms and the industry that powerful families and aristocrats applied to their manors. This part shows unearthed articles reflecting agriculture and animal husbandry of that time.
生活――生活、文化
Life and culture
三國時(shí)期在文化方面也是一個(gè)大變革時(shí)期。在曹操宮廷內(nèi)部盛行的“建安文學(xué)”對(duì)后世產(chǎn)生了很大影響，特別是曹植被認(rèn)為是“杜甫之前水平最高的詩人”。另外，對(duì)于百姓而言，在悲慘的戰(zhàn)亂年代，儒教也遭遇了變革風(fēng)潮，很多人開始借宗教來尋求心靈的拯救，于是道教和佛教開始傳播起來。此外，不管哪個(gè)時(shí)代，民眾的生活都依然延續(xù)。該部分將通過出土品來探尋三國時(shí)期生活文化等方方面面。
The Three Kingdoms Period also saw a great cultural revolution. The Jian'an School popular at Cao Cao's court had a great impact on literature. Cao Zhi, in particular, is considered 'the greatest poet before Du Fu'. For the common people, wartime misery brought about a reform of Confucianism. Taoism and Buddhism were disseminated as many people sought salvation of the soul in religion. In addition to these was the continuation of common people's lives regardless of the times. This part aims to explore aspects of life and culture of the period through unearthed articles.
飲食―三國時(shí)期的飲食文化
Food culture in the Three Kingdoms Period
這個(gè)時(shí)代的飲食文化與現(xiàn)在的中餐有很大不同。當(dāng)時(shí)，南方的主食是稻米，北方的主食是小麥、黍子等谷類和豆類，宴會(huì)上最豐盛的菜是牛肉湯，調(diào)料包括鹽、醬油、糖和曲子醬等，辣椒還沒有出現(xiàn)，還幾乎沒有用油做的菜。據(jù)說當(dāng)時(shí)的酒大多是釀造酒，酒精度很低。另外葡萄酒當(dāng)時(shí)也已經(jīng)出現(xiàn)。該部分將展示做成偶人的哺乳者和廚師，以及可以了解貴族宴會(huì)情形的出土品。
The food culture of that period differs much from the modern Chinese food. The staple in the south was the rice, and the staples in the north were beans and such cereals as the wheat and the millet. The most sumptuous dish of a banquet was the beef broth. The seasonings included the salt, the soy sauce, the sugar and the quzi sauce. The use of chili was unheard-of, and there was hardly any dish cooked with oil. It is said that the most of liquor was brewed, with a low alcohol content. The grape wine had appeared. This part shows figurines representing breast feeders and cooks as well as unearthed articles shedding light on what aristocratic banquets looked like.
三國時(shí)期的茶
Tea in the Three Kingdoms Period
在中國歷代王朝都承認(rèn)的各個(gè)朝代歷史書的正史中，最早介紹“茶”這一飲料的是《三國志》。據(jù)說，吳國的孫皓曾在宴會(huì)上強(qiáng)迫家臣喝七升酒，但韋曜（韋昭）這個(gè)人受到特別優(yōu)待，有時(shí)可以在中途以茶代酒。漢代從西南地區(qū)慢慢流行起來的茶葉從這個(gè)時(shí)期起不再被作為藥物使用，而是逐漸發(fā)展成為日常飲料。在吉川英治編寫的《三國志》開頭部分，曾有一幕是劉備為母親買茶的場景，但現(xiàn)在北京城附近并沒有那樣的船舶出沒過，而且從當(dāng)時(shí)的情況看，很難想象百姓能得到茶葉。
Of all the 'authorized histories' acknowledged by all the dynasties, The History of the Three Kingdoms was the first one to describe the tea as a beverage. It is said that Sun Hao of the Kingdom of Wu once forced each of his retainers to drink seven sheng of liquor at a banquet, with the exception of Wei Zhao, who was allowed to drink tea instead halfway into the binge. The tea, which spread from the southwest during the Han Dynasty, came to be considered an everyday beverage instead of a drug. The beginning of The History of Three Kingdoms compiled by Yosikawa Eiji includes a scene in which Liu Bei buys tea for his mother. However, no such boat as described in the book has ever been unearthed in the vicinity of Beijing, and it is hard to imagine that tea should be available to common people at that time.
服裝――時(shí)裝
Clothing: the fashion
當(dāng)時(shí)的女性也像現(xiàn)代的我們一樣追求時(shí)髦。據(jù)說，當(dāng)時(shí)的貴族女性梳著奇特的發(fā)型，帶著閃閃發(fā)亮的發(fā)簪。她們上身穿著上下相連的上衣或者衣袖寬松的上衣，下身穿長長的裙子和裙褲。該部分除展示已出土的當(dāng)時(shí)人們使用的鏡子、手鐲和發(fā)簪外，還將展示帶扣和鞋子等出土品。
Like us, women of that time were keen on fashion. It is said that noble women wore peculiar hairdos and glittering hairpins. Each of them would wear a broad-sleeved coat or one connected to her long skirt or split skirt. This part shows unearthed mirrors, bracelets and hairpins which belonged to people of that time as well as unearthed belt hooks, shoes and so on.
娛樂――音樂、藝術(shù)
Entertainment: music and arts
與三國時(shí)期的音樂密切相關(guān)的是漢詩。漢詩一開始是被作為歌詞來創(chuàng)作，然后合著音樂吟誦的。據(jù)說宴會(huì)席上還有舞伎伴著音樂跳舞，有丑角擊鼓而歌，還有藝人表演雜技和曲藝。該部分將展示再現(xiàn)宴會(huì)的西洋景、演奏樂器和唱歌的偶人等說明宴會(huì)情景的出土品。
Han poetry was closely related to music of the Three Kingdoms Period. At first Han poems were composed as lyrics and chanted to music. Those attending a banquet would be entertained by women dancing to music, clowns singing while playing drums, acrobats, and folk artists singing ballads or telling stories. This part features a peep show reproducing the scene of a banquet as well as unearthed instruments and singer figurines suggesting what it looked like.
祈愿――祭祀、道教和佛教
Praying: sacrifice, Taoism and Buddhism
三國時(shí)期的民眾面對(duì)接連不斷的戰(zhàn)爭，開始將希望寄托在宗教身上。儒教方面，后漢末年的鄭玄將各種經(jīng)學(xué)進(jìn)行了融合。另外，這個(gè)時(shí)期還出現(xiàn)了將道家和儒家相結(jié)合的玄學(xué)，竹林七賢的清談開始流行。此外，那些不滿足于儒教的人們成為了發(fā)動(dòng)黃巾起義的太平道和五斗米道等道教源流教團(tuán)的信徒。雖然歷史書中沒有記載，但好像作為外來宗教的佛教也開始從西部和南部傳入，尤其在魏國和吳國的都城非常普及。該部分將展示記載道教和佛教影響的作品以及說明人們祭祀場面的出土品。
Faced with continual wars, people of the Three Kingdoms Period began to pin their hopes on religion. In Confucianism, Zheng Xuan of the late Eastern Han Dynasty amalgamated schools of the study of Confucian classics. There also appeared a form of metaphysics that combined Taoism and Confucianism, and 'pure talk' (qingtan), such as that practiced by 'the Seven Sages of the Bamboo Grove', became popular. Besides, those discontented with Confucianism became followers of religious groups that were origins of Taoism, such as the Taipingdao and the Five Pecks of Rice, which started the Yellow Scarf Rebellion. Despite the absence of records in history books, it seems that Buddhism had begun to be introduced into China as a foreign faith from the west and the south, and that it was widespread in the capitals of Wei and Wu. This part shows works recording the influence of Taoism and Buddhism as well as unearthed articles suggesting what a sacrificial occasion looked like.
《魏志倭人傳》的世界
The world of 'the Wo People in the History of Wei'
日本歷史教科書中最先登場的人物是卑彌呼，記載卑彌呼的歷史書有《魏志倭人傳》等?！段褐举寥藗鳌肥撬追Q，正式稱謂是《三國志?魏書?東夷傳?倭人條》，也就是說是《三國志》的一部分。本來卑彌呼派遣的使者之所以能夠到達(dá)魏都洛陽是因?yàn)樗抉R懿消滅了位于遼東的公孫政權(quán)，而實(shí)際上司馬懿能夠遠(yuǎn)征遼東是因?yàn)榭酌髟谖逭稍∷溃駠褬?gòu)不成威脅。這樣看來，日本從卑彌呼時(shí)期就與東亞局勢(shì)有著密切的聯(lián)系。該部分將展示與中國三國時(shí)期的倭國和《魏志倭人傳》有關(guān)的物品。
The first figure to appear in a Japanese history textbook is Himiko, whose description is found in such historical records as 'the Wo people in the History of Wei', the informal title of the entry of the Wo People in 'the Eastern Barbarians' in 'Book of Wei' in The History of the Three Kingdoms. i.e. a part of that book. The reason why the envoy sent by Himiko could reach Luoyang, the capital of Wei, is that Sima Yi had overthrown the Gongsun Regime in Liaodong, and Sima Yi's expedition against Liaodong was possible because the Kingdom of Shu posed no threat anymore after Zhuge Liang died of illness in Wuzhangyuan. Thus, Japan has been closely related to the situation in East Asia since the era of Himiko. This part shows articles related to the Kingdom of Wo during China's Three Kingdoms Period and 'the Wo People in the History of Wei'.
（此處為三國志年表位置――此句不譯）
星落秋風(fēng)五丈原Ⅰ
Zhuge Liang's death in Wuzhangyuan (1)
鎮(zhèn)守荊州的關(guān)羽攻打曹操，曹操害怕關(guān)羽，于是與孫權(quán)聯(lián)手夾擊，最后，關(guān)羽被孫權(quán)手下擒獲并殺害。后來，曹操因畏懼關(guān)羽的亡靈而死亡。繼承曹操事業(yè)的曹丕接受后漢皇帝的讓位成為皇帝，建立了魏國。此時(shí)，劉備聽說后漢皇帝被殺害，便自己也當(dāng)上了皇帝，但他不顧周圍人反對(duì)堅(jiān)持攻打吳國來為關(guān)羽報(bào)仇。然而，張飛被部下殺害，蜀軍也在夷陵大敗。病倒后的劉備給諸葛亮（孔明）留下 “若嗣不才,君可自取”的遺言后病逝?？酌鳛閳?bào)答劉備的信任，決心效忠劉禪，為光復(fù)漢室戰(zhàn)斗到底?？酌飨虿环駠哪闲U進(jìn)軍，七擒七縱孟獲，采用“攻心”戰(zhàn)略，最終使孟獲臣服。
Guan Yu, who guarded Jingzhou, launched an attack against Cao Cao. Fearing the valiant warrior, Cao Cao joined hands with Sun Quan in the counterattack. Finally, Sun's men captured Guan Yu and killed him. Later, Cao Cao died of the fear of Guan Yu's ghost. Cao Pi, who inherited Cao Cao's career, took over the throne from the abdicating Eastern Han emperor and founded the Wei Dynasty. Learning that the Han emperor had been killed, Liu Bei declared himself emperor. Despite protests, he insisted on attacking the Kingdom of Wu to avenge Guan Yu. However, Zhang Fei was killed by one of his men and the Shu troops suffered a crushing defeat in Yiling. Liu Bei fell ill and died after giving Zhuge Liang the privilege to take over the throne in the event that his son Liu Chan turned out to be an incompetent emperor. In return for his master's trust, Zhuge Liang was revolved to be loyal to Liu Chan and to fight till his death for the recovery of the Han Dynasty. He mounted an expedition against the southern barbarians who refused to submit to the Kingdom of Shu, bringing their leader Meng Huo to his knees by capturing and releasing him for seven times.
星落秋風(fēng)五丈原Ⅱ
Zhuge Liang's death in Wuzhangyuan (2)
平定南蠻后，諸葛亮（孔明）向劉禪獻(xiàn)上“出師表”，為消滅魏國開始北伐。蜀軍順利地向魏國領(lǐng)土推進(jìn)。在街亭防堵魏國援軍時(shí)，孔明將該任務(wù)交給馬謖，但馬謖無視孔明的命令，在山上布陣，結(jié)果被司馬懿切斷水路大敗而歸?？酌髯陨硪惨揽俊翱粘怯?jì)”勉強(qiáng)逃過一劫。第一次北伐以失敗而告終?？酌麟m然比較器重馬謖，但還是按軍法將其處死（“孔明揮淚斬馬謖”）。后來，孔明又幾次出擊，顯示了高超的策略，但由于被自己人拖累，而未能成功。公元234年，孔明與吳國約定共同作戰(zhàn)，出擊五丈原，與魏國司馬懿繼續(xù)對(duì)立。然而，好歹出擊的吳國見勢(shì)不妙隨即撤退。得知這一消息的孔明卒然病倒。在姜維的勸說下，孔明點(diǎn)上了北斗七星燈，祈求延命，然而由于魏延的闖入，致使延命燈熄滅。結(jié)果，孔明死于五丈原。在撤退時(shí)，蜀軍利用孔明的木像嚇跑了來襲的魏軍。（“死諸葛能走生仲達(dá)”）。
Having subjugated the southern barbarians, Zhuge Liang submitted a memorial to Liu Chan and mounted a northern expedition against the Kingdom of Wei. The Shu troops met with little effective resistance as they marched towards Wei's territory. At Jieting, Zhuge Liang assigned the mission of blocking the way of the reinforcement from Wei to Ma Su, who, ignoring the orders, embattled on a hill, only to suffer a crushing defeat after Sima Yi cut off the waterway. The situation was so critical that Zhuge Liang himself barely cheated death with a subterfuge. The first northern expedition was a failure. Much as he thought of Ma Su, Zhuge Liang sentenced him to military execution (the story is told under the title 'with Tears in His Eyes Kongming had Ma Su Executed' in The Romance of the Three Kingdoms). Later, Zhuge Liang launched more attacks, showing exceptional skills as a strategist, but to no avail because of the incompetence of his subordinates. In AD 234, he made a pact with Wu to fight a joint battle in Wuzhangyuan against Sima Yi of Wei. However, Wu, which had barely agreed to the adventure, retreated as soon as it saw that the situation was not in its favor. Hearing the news, Zhuge Liang fell ill. He was persuaded by Jiang Wei to light the Big Dipper lantern for a new lease of life. Unfortunately, Wei Yan barged in and caused the lantern to go out, and he died in Wuzhangyuan. The retreating Shu troops scared the Wei troops away with a wooden image of Zhuge Liang ('the Dead Zhuge Liang Repelled the Live Sima Yi').
五丈原之戰(zhàn)
The Battle of Wuzhangyuan
五丈原是秦嶺山脈向北凸出的一片高原，北臨渭水，東臨武功水。寬度最狹窄的地方約為五丈（約12m），故由此得名。諸葛亮在五丈原的高原上布好陣勢(shì)，但司馬懿卻認(rèn)為孔明在五丈原布陣比向長安進(jìn)發(fā)更對(duì)魏國有利?？酌飨蛩抉R懿送去了婦女穿的服飾，挑釁說“是男人就該一決雌雄”，但司馬懿聽從了魏明帝曹叡命令拒絕出戰(zhàn)。這期間，孔明病情惡化，于是向姜維傳授兵書，指示撤退方法，并寫下給皇帝的遺書、指定后繼者后病逝。
Wuzhangyuan was a plateau projecting northward in the Qinling Mountains, with the Wei River to the north and the Wugong River to the east. It was so named because its narrowest part was about five zhang (approximately twelve meters) wide. When Zhuge Liang embattled on the plateau, Sima Yi thought that it was more favorable to the Kingdom of Wei than if he had marched towards Chang'an. Zhuge Liang sent women's clothing to Sima Yi, challenging him to a decisive battle if he was a man. However, obeying Emperor Cao Rui's order, Sima Yi would not accept the challenge. During the time, Zhuge Liang grew more seriously ill. He bequeathed books on the art of war to Jiangwei and instructed him on the method of retreat. He died after he wrote his last memorial to the throne in which he designated his successor.
戰(zhàn)斗――群雄的足跡
Fighting: the footprints of warlords
公元184年，以宗教結(jié)社的太平道等組織發(fā)動(dòng)了黃巾起義。黃巾起義只持續(xù)了一年左右就被鎮(zhèn)壓，但在此之后，判亂接連發(fā)生，原本是政治、經(jīng)濟(jì)和文化中心的黃河中下游（中原）民生凋敝。后來董卓稱霸，在此后的一片混亂中豪族們開始群雄割據(jù)，同時(shí)還出現(xiàn)了建筑要寨自衛(wèi)的、以莊園為基礎(chǔ)自給自足的貴族。另外，由于發(fā)生戰(zhàn)亂，漢民族與西方、北方民族以及南方民族開始混雜在一起。這為日后五胡十六國時(shí)期的戰(zhàn)亂埋下了伏筆。當(dāng)時(shí)發(fā)生的重要戰(zhàn)役有以下幾個(gè)：公元200年奠定曹操霸權(quán)基礎(chǔ)的官渡之戰(zhàn)；公元208年曹操與孫（孫權(quán)）劉（劉備）聯(lián)軍展開決戰(zhàn)的赤壁之戰(zhàn)；公元234年諸葛亮（孔明）死亡那年發(fā)生的五丈原之戰(zhàn)。特別是赤壁之戰(zhàn)，眼看就要一統(tǒng)天下的曹操敗給了孫權(quán)和劉備聯(lián)軍，從而導(dǎo)致出現(xiàn)了三分天下的局勢(shì)，為三國時(shí)期拉開了序幕。該部分將通過展示從赤壁古戰(zhàn)場出土的箭頭等當(dāng)時(shí)的武器和盔甲以及從后漢時(shí)期至西晉時(shí)期的墳?zāi)怪须S葬的馬俑和兵俑、樓閣等，來一起探尋劇烈動(dòng)蕩的戰(zhàn)亂痕跡。
In AD 184, Taipingdao and other religious groups started the Yellow Scarf Rebellion, which lasted no more than a year before it was quelled. However, it was followed by continuous rebellions, which impoverished people in the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River, or the Central Plains, which used to China's political, economic and cultural center. Dong Zhuo rose to seek hegemony. In the ensuing chaos, powerful warlords set up their own regimes, and this was accompanied by the appearance of aristocrats building fortresses for self-defense and living in self-contained manors. Moreover, the wars caused the Han Chinese to mingle with ethnic groups in the west, north and south, which foreshadowed the wars during the period of the Sixteen Kingdoms of the Five Barbarian Peoples. The major battles of the period are as follows: the Battle of Guandu in AD 200, which laid the foundation of Cao Cao's dominance; the Battle of Chibi (Red Cliffs) in 208, a decisive battle between Cao Cao and the joint troops of Sun Quan and Liu Bei; the Battle of Wuzhangyuan in 234, during which Zhuge Liang died. In particular, the Battle of Chibi, in which Sun Quan and Liu Bei defeated Cao Cao, who seemed about to unify China, led to the tripartite division of China and marked the beginning of the Three Kingdoms Period. This part aims to explore traces of the tumultuous era through the display of arrowheads, other weapons and armor unearthed at the ancient battlefield in Chibi as well as horse figurines, solider figurines and tower models found in tombs dating from between the Eastern Han Dynasty and the Western Jin Dynasty.
劍―—武器
The sword and other weapons
三國時(shí)期是一個(gè)改良各種武器的時(shí)代。由于制鐵技術(shù)發(fā)達(dá)，用來“刺”的劍、用來“砍”的刀以及同時(shí)兼具“砍”和“刺”兩種功能的戟得到了改進(jìn)，特別是刀和雙戟得到了普及。據(jù)說，當(dāng)時(shí)諸葛亮（孔明）把弩改良為連弩，還發(fā)明了馬用的撒菱。該部分將展示在赤壁出土的箭頭以及在中國各地出土的武器。
The Three Kingdoms Period saw the improvement of weapons. The well-developed iron smelting technology made it possible to improve the sword for stabbing, the broadsword for chopping, and the halberd for both stabbing and chopping. In particular, the use of the broadsword and the double halberds became widespread. It is said that Zhuge Liang (Kongming by courtesy name) devised the repeating crossbow on the basis of the crossbow and invented the spikes against horses. The part shows arrowheads unearthed in Chibi and weapons unearthed in other parts of China.
軍備——騎馬、士兵和要寨
Armaments for horses, soldiers and fortresses
當(dāng)時(shí)的軍隊(duì)中，機(jī)動(dòng)能力最強(qiáng)的要數(shù)騎兵。雖然數(shù)量不多，但騎兵可以在馬上拉弓射箭，這個(gè)時(shí)期開始馬身上也披上了鎧甲。最大限度利用騎兵的人是曹操。另外，當(dāng)時(shí)的城墻是采用筑土的版筑方式建成。用城墻圍成的要寨被建成重要據(jù)點(diǎn)，城市本身也是城墻圍成的要塞。該部分將展示當(dāng)時(shí)騎馬部隊(duì)、要寨的情況、軍船以及用來指南的“指南車”的模型。
The most mobile part of an army of that time was the cavalry. Despite their limited number, mounted soldiers could shoot arrows from horseback. Horses were also armored. The man who made the most use of the cavalry was Cao Cao. Besides, city walls were built with rammed earth, and fortresses enclosed by such walls, including the cities, were built as major strongholds. This part shows cavalries, fortresses and warships of that time and a model of a 'south-pointing carriage' serving as a compass.
諸葛亮（孔明）發(fā)明的兵器
Weapons invented by Zhuge Liang
為了彌補(bǔ)蜀國國力不足的狀況，諸葛亮（孔明）開發(fā)了各種各樣的兵器。蜀國遠(yuǎn)征魏國時(shí)遇到的最大難題是糧食運(yùn)輸問題。蜀軍必須要通過一種被稱作“棧道”（在懸崖上打樁后鋪上木板修成的道路）的道路?？酌鳛榻鉀Q這一問題，開發(fā)了即使在狹窄的棧道上也能靈活移動(dòng)、依靠少量人力就能大量運(yùn)輸?shù)摹⒈环Q作“木牛流馬”的運(yùn)輸車。另外，孔明還對(duì)古時(shí)的弩進(jìn)行改良，將其改良成為能夠連續(xù)發(fā)射的連弩。
To compensate for the deficient power of Shu, Zhuge Liang invented a variety of weapons. The greatest problems facing Shu during his expedition against Wei was the transport of rations, for the Shu army had to pass through zhandao, roads consisting of planks laid on stakes driven into the sides of cliffs. To solve the problem, Zhuge Liang invented a special type of vehicle that could move easily on narrow plank roads and that enabled the transport of large quantities by a relatively small number of men. Besides, he devised the repeating crossbow on the basis on the traditional crossbow.
治國―政治?經(jīng)濟(jì)―
Government: Politics and Economy
《三國志》的時(shí)代是一個(gè)“華麗而黑暗的時(shí)代”。寒冷的氣候、不斷的戰(zhàn)亂、以及由此導(dǎo)致的生產(chǎn)力的低下、董卓的暴政導(dǎo)致的貨幣經(jīng)濟(jì)的崩潰、戰(zhàn)爭優(yōu)先的國家體制，這些都嚴(yán)重影響了人們的生活。在這樣的危機(jī)中，三個(gè)國家都建立新的制度并嘗試制造貨幣，在一定程度上促進(jìn)了經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展。同時(shí)，各國還與外國開展了往來。另外，在長江流域，吳國在孫權(quán)的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)下，通過開發(fā)，使農(nóng)業(yè)和商業(yè)得到了發(fā)展。該部分將展示已出土的三國時(shí)期執(zhí)政者的貴族生活用品、反映當(dāng)時(shí)政治經(jīng)濟(jì)活動(dòng)的木簡、印章和貨幣等出土文物以及一些與農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)活動(dòng)有關(guān)的隨葬品等。
The Three Kingdoms Period was an era of both splendor and darkness. The cold climate, continual wars and the consequent low productivity, the collapse of monetary economy caused by the tyranny of Dong Zhuo, and the war-oriented government--all these had a tremendous impact on people's lives. During the crisis, all the three kingdoms established new systems and tried making currencies, their efforts boosting economy to some degree. The kingdoms also traded with foreign countries. In the Yangtze River Valley, under the leadership by Sun Quan, the Kingdom of Wu developed agriculture and commerce. This part shows unearthed aristocrats' articles of everyday use during the period, inscribed wooden slips, seals and money reflecting economic activities, and buried articles related to agricultural production.
執(zhí)政者―與曹家有關(guān)的物品
The ruler: articles related with the Caos
1974年，考古人員在安徽省亳縣發(fā)現(xiàn)了曹操祖先的墳?zāi)?。由于墓中發(fā)現(xiàn)了只允許諸侯和高官穿戴的銀縷玉衣，所以考古人員猜測其中有位居高官的曹操祖父曹騰以及父親曹嵩的墳?zāi)埂Ｔ摬糠謱⒄故境鐾恋你y縷玉衣，還有從曹操修建的銅雀臺(tái)遺址、曹丕舉行接受后漢皇帝讓位儀式的受禪臺(tái)遺址出土的文物以及曹操書法的拓本等。
In 1974, archeologists discovered the tomb of an ancestor of Cao Cao in Baoxian, Anhui. The discovery of a jade burial suit sewn with silver wires, the use of which was confined to a feudal lord or a senior official, led to the guess that the tomb was occupied by Cao Cao's grandfather Cao Teng, a senior official, and his father Cao Song. This part shows the unearthed jade suit, relics unearthed at the site of the Bronze Bird Terrace built by Cao Cao and the site of the terrace where Cao Pi took over the throne from the emperor of the Eastern Han Dynasty, and rubbings of Cao Cao's calligraphy.
話題―執(zhí)政者曹操
Topic: Cao Cao as a ruler
在《三國演義》中，曹操是劉備的敵人這個(gè)角色，但他同時(shí)也是一個(gè)非常具有改革精神的政治家。比如，為確保兵糧，曹操實(shí)行“屯田制”，把土地租給難民和士兵耕種。一般認(rèn)為，這一制度導(dǎo)致后來出現(xiàn)了“均田制”（日本稱之為“班田收授法”）。另外，曹操還實(shí)行了“戶調(diào)制”，以實(shí)物而不是以貨幣交租稅，以戶而不是以個(gè)人為單位征稅。據(jù)說，這是日本后來引進(jìn)的“租庸調(diào)制”的原形。另外，曹操還“唯才是舉”，向社會(huì)發(fā)出了“求賢令”。
In The Romance of the Three Kingdoms, besides being an enemy of Liu Bei, Cao Cao is also a statesman with a readiness for reform. For instance, to ensure the supply of military rations, he implemented a system in which land was leased to refugees and soldiers for cultivation. It is generally believed that the system led to the appearance of the system of land equalization. He implemented another system in which taxes were paid with goods rather than currencies and levied on households instead of individuals. This is said to be the prototype of the Tax-Labor-Substitution System, which was later introduced to Japan. Besides, believing in meritocracy, Cao Cao issued 'edicts of seeking wise men'.
莊園――貴族的生活
Manors: life of the aristocracy
莊園是貴族與豪族的私人領(lǐng)地。由于當(dāng)時(shí)氣候反常且連年戰(zhàn)亂，商業(yè)和農(nóng)業(yè)衰落，貴族和豪族趁機(jī)將沒落農(nóng)民的土地收入莊園，并不斷擴(kuò)大規(guī)模。由于社會(huì)動(dòng)蕩不安，貴族和豪族們減少了與外部的交易，在莊園內(nèi)構(gòu)建了自給自足的體制，同時(shí)為了保衛(wèi)莊園，他們將自己的宅邸變成要塞，大一些的莊園開始發(fā)展成為一個(gè)小的王國。該部分將展示可以了解莊園貴族生活的隨葬品。
Manors were private estates of aristocrats or families of distinction. The abnormal climate and continual wars led to the decline of commerce and agriculture. Aristocrats and powerful families incorporated lands of down-and-out farmers into their manors and continually expanded them. Due to social unrest, they traded less with the outside and built their manors into self-contained communities. In addition, for defense, they turned their houses into fortresses, and a large manor might develop into a small kingdom. This part shows buried articles shedding light on the life of aristocrats in manors.
朱然（義封）
Zhu Ran (Yifeng by courtesy name)
丹陽郡故鄣縣人。朱治的外甥，朱治的養(yǎng)子。公元219年參與討伐關(guān)羽，并擒獲關(guān)羽。夷陵之戰(zhàn)中，他打敗了劉備的前鋒。后來，魏軍攻打吳國，他鎮(zhèn)守的江陵被圍困半年以上，最后在他的死守之下，擊退敵軍，朱然從此名震敵國?！度龂萘x》中說朱然是在追擊劉備時(shí)被前來援救的趙云所殺，這并非史實(shí)。朱然后來仍然在江陵效力吳國。卒于公元249年（68歲）。
Zhu Ran was a native of Zhang County in Danyang Prefecture. He was the nephew and foster son of Zhu Zhi. In AD 219, he participated in the expedition against Guan Yu and captured his enemy. In the Battle of Yiling, he defeated Liu Bei's vanguard. Later, Wei troops attacking Wu besieged Jiangling, a city he was guarding, for over six months. Finally he repelled the enemy and became well-known in Wei. The Romance of the Three Kingdoms says that he was killed by Zhao Yun during his pursuit of Liu Bei, but that is not true. In fact, he continued to serve Wu in Jiangling until his death in AD 249 at the age of sixty-eight.
政――文字和印章
Administration: writing and seals
三國時(shí)期與現(xiàn)代一樣，統(tǒng)治者也是用文件傳達(dá)命令。文件寫在竹簡和木簡上面，逐漸也開始使用紙張。這一變化引發(fā)了一場書體革命，書法作為一門藝術(shù)誕生出來。另外，為了給文件和書信封印而制作的印章上面，刻著地位和官職，成為命令的證明。該部分將展示三國時(shí)期使用的印章、木簡和石刻等與文字有關(guān)的東西。
Like the modern times, the Three Kingdoms Period saw rulers using documents to send orders. Documents were written on bamboo or wooden slips, which gradually gave way to paper. The change brought about a calligraphic revolution that led to the birth of calligraphy as an art form. Besides, stamps for sealing documents and letters were inscribed with social positions and official ranks to vouch for the veracity of orders. This part shows seals, wooden slips and stone carvings, all related to writing, of the period.
商――貨幣和貿(mào)易
Commerce: currencies and trade
三國時(shí)期，各國為提高本國經(jīng)濟(jì)實(shí)力，都大力發(fā)展國內(nèi)商業(yè)和對(duì)外貿(mào)易。特別是魏國，據(jù)說還通過絲綢之路逐步與西域國家發(fā)展貿(mào)易。另外，各國還開始鑄造因董卓暴政而不再使用的貨幣，但好像當(dāng)時(shí)三個(gè)國家中流通到國外的貨幣只有蜀國的貨幣。該部分將展示當(dāng)時(shí)通過對(duì)外貿(mào)易得到的物品和貨幣等出土品。
In the Three Kingdoms Period, to boost their economic power, all the kingdoms vigorously developed domestic commerce and foreign trade. The Kingdom of Wei, in particular, is said to have gradually developed trade with countries in the Western Regions via the Silk Road. Besides, the kingdoms began to make currencies, which had fallen into disuse due to Dong Zhuo's tyranny. However, it seems that only currencies of Shu ever made their way out of the confines of the kingdom that made them. This part shows unearthed goods and currencies obtained through foreign trade.
生產(chǎn)――農(nóng)耕、畜牧
Production: agriculture and animal husbandry
后漢末年至三國時(shí)期的這段時(shí)期里，戰(zhàn)亂不斷，人們生活無法安定，農(nóng)耕、畜牧生產(chǎn)也隨之荒廢下來。不過，由于群雄集中在三個(gè)國家，豪族和貴族也在自己的莊園內(nèi)勤于經(jīng)營，所以農(nóng)耕和畜牧業(yè)也得到慢慢恢復(fù)。該部分將展示描述當(dāng)時(shí)農(nóng)耕畜牧生產(chǎn)情況的出土品。
The time between the last years of the Eastern Han Dynasty and the Three Kingdoms Period was marked by continual wars that disrupted people's lives and caused the neglect of agriculture and animal husbandry. However, they were gradually restored thanks to the fact that most of the warlords were in the three kingdoms and the industry that powerful families and aristocrats applied to their manors. This part shows unearthed articles reflecting agriculture and animal husbandry of that time.
生活――生活、文化
Life and culture
三國時(shí)期在文化方面也是一個(gè)大變革時(shí)期。在曹操宮廷內(nèi)部盛行的“建安文學(xué)”對(duì)后世產(chǎn)生了很大影響，特別是曹植被認(rèn)為是“杜甫之前水平最高的詩人”。另外，對(duì)于百姓而言，在悲慘的戰(zhàn)亂年代，儒教也遭遇了變革風(fēng)潮，很多人開始借宗教來尋求心靈的拯救，于是道教和佛教開始傳播起來。此外，不管哪個(gè)時(shí)代，民眾的生活都依然延續(xù)。該部分將通過出土品來探尋三國時(shí)期生活文化等方方面面。
The Three Kingdoms Period also saw a great cultural revolution. The Jian'an School popular at Cao Cao's court had a great impact on literature. Cao Zhi, in particular, is considered 'the greatest poet before Du Fu'. For the common people, wartime misery brought about a reform of Confucianism. Taoism and Buddhism were disseminated as many people sought salvation of the soul in religion. In addition to these was the continuation of common people's lives regardless of the times. This part aims to explore aspects of life and culture of the period through unearthed articles.
飲食―三國時(shí)期的飲食文化
Food culture in the Three Kingdoms Period
這個(gè)時(shí)代的飲食文化與現(xiàn)在的中餐有很大不同。當(dāng)時(shí)，南方的主食是稻米，北方的主食是小麥、黍子等谷類和豆類，宴會(huì)上最豐盛的菜是牛肉湯，調(diào)料包括鹽、醬油、糖和曲子醬等，辣椒還沒有出現(xiàn)，還幾乎沒有用油做的菜。據(jù)說當(dāng)時(shí)的酒大多是釀造酒，酒精度很低。另外葡萄酒當(dāng)時(shí)也已經(jīng)出現(xiàn)。該部分將展示做成偶人的哺乳者和廚師，以及可以了解貴族宴會(huì)情形的出土品。
The food culture of that period differs much from the modern Chinese food. The staple in the south was the rice, and the staples in the north were beans and such cereals as the wheat and the millet. The most sumptuous dish of a banquet was the beef broth. The seasonings included the salt, the soy sauce, the sugar and the quiz sauce. The use of chili was unheard-of, and there was hardly any dish cooked with oil. It is said that the most of liquor was brewed, with a low alcohol content. The grape wine had appeared. This part shows figurines representing breast feeders and cooks as well as unearthed articles shedding light on what aristocratic banquets looked like.
三國時(shí)期的茶
Tea in the Three Kingdoms Period
在中國歷代王朝都承認(rèn)的各個(gè)朝代歷史書的正史中，最早介紹“茶”這一飲料的是《三國志》。據(jù)說，吳國的孫皓曾在宴會(huì)上強(qiáng)迫家臣喝七升酒，但韋曜（韋昭）這個(gè)人受到特別優(yōu)待，有時(shí)可以在中途以茶代酒。漢代從西南地區(qū)慢慢流行起來的茶葉從這個(gè)時(shí)期起不再被作為藥物使用，而是逐漸發(fā)展成為日常飲料。在吉川英治編寫的《三國志》開頭部分，曾有一幕是劉備為母親買茶的場景，但現(xiàn)在北京城附近并沒有那樣的船舶出沒過，而且從當(dāng)時(shí)的情況看，很難想象百姓能得到茶葉。
Of all the 'authorized histories' acknowledged by all the dynasties, The History of the Three Kingdoms was the first one to describe the tea as a beverage. It is said that Sun Hao of the Kingdom of Wu once forced each of his retainers to drink seven sheng of liquor at a banquet, with the exception of Wei Zhao, who was allowed to drink tea instead halfway into the binge. The tea, which spread from the southwest during the Han Dynasty, came to be considered an everyday beverage instead of a drug. The beginning of The History of Three Kingdoms compiled by Yosikawa Eiji includes a scene in which Liu Bei buys tea for his mother. However, no such boat as described in the book has ever been unearthed in the vicinity of Beijing, and it is hard to imagine that tea should be available to common people at that time.
服裝――時(shí)裝
Clothing: the fashion
當(dāng)時(shí)的女性也像現(xiàn)代的我們一樣追求時(shí)髦。據(jù)說，當(dāng)時(shí)的貴族女性梳著奇特的發(fā)型，帶著閃閃發(fā)亮的發(fā)簪。她們上身穿著上下相連的上衣或者衣袖寬松的上衣，下身穿長長的裙子和裙褲。該部分除展示已出土的當(dāng)時(shí)人們使用的鏡子、手鐲和發(fā)簪外，還將展示帶扣和鞋子等出土品。
Like us, women of that time were keen on fashion. It is said that noble women wore peculiar hairdos and glittering hairpins. Each of them would wear a broad-sleeved coat or one connected to her long skirt or split skirt. This part shows unearthed mirrors, bracelets and hairpins which belonged to people of that time as well as unearthed belt hooks, shoes and so on.
娛樂――音樂、藝術(shù)
Entertainment: music and arts
與三國時(shí)期的音樂密切相關(guān)的是漢詩。漢詩一開始是被作為歌詞來創(chuàng)作，然后合著音樂吟誦的。據(jù)說宴會(huì)席上還有舞伎伴著音樂跳舞，有丑角擊鼓而歌，還有藝人表演雜技和曲藝。該部分將展示再現(xiàn)宴會(huì)的西洋景、演奏樂器和唱歌的偶人等說明宴會(huì)情景的出土品。
Han poetry was closely related to music of the Three Kingdoms Period. At first Han poems were composed as lyrics and chanted to music. Those attending a banquet would be entertained by women dancing to music, clowns singing while playing drums, acrobats, and folk artists singing ballads or telling stories. This part features a peep show reproducing the scene of a banquet as well as unearthed instruments and singer figurines suggesting what it looked like.
祈愿――祭祀、道教和佛教
Praying: sacrifice, Taoism and Buddhism
三國時(shí)期的民眾面對(duì)接連不斷的戰(zhàn)爭，開始將希望寄托在宗教身上。儒教方面，后漢末年的鄭玄將各種經(jīng)學(xué)進(jìn)行了融合。另外，這個(gè)時(shí)期還出現(xiàn)了將道家和儒家相結(jié)合的玄學(xué)，竹林七賢的清談開始流行。此外，那些不滿足于儒教的人們成為了發(fā)動(dòng)黃巾起義的太平道和五斗米道等道教源流教團(tuán)的信徒。雖然歷史書中沒有記載，但好像作為外來宗教的佛教也開始從西部和南部傳入，尤其在魏國和吳國的都城非常普及。該部分將展示記載道教和佛教影響的作品以及說明人們祭祀場面的出土品。
Faced with continual wars, people of the Three Kingdoms Period began to pin their hopes on religion. In Confucianism, Zheng Xuan of the late Eastern Han Dynasty amalgamated schools of the study of Confucian classics. There also appeared a form of metaphysics that combined Taoism and Confucianism, and 'pure talk' (qingtan), such as that practiced by 'the Seven Sages of the Bamboo Grove', became popular. Besides, those discontented with Confucianism became followers of religious groups that were origins of Taoism, such as the Taipingdao and the Five Pecks of Rice, which started the Yellow Scarf Rebellion. Despite the absence of records in history books, it seems that Buddhism had begun to be introduced into China as a foreign faith from the west and the south, and that it was widespread in the capitals of Wei and Wu. This part shows works recording the influence of Taoism and Buddhism as well as unearthed articles suggesting what a sacrificial occasion looked like.
《魏志倭人傳》的世界
The world of 'the Wo People in the History of Wei'
日本歷史教科書中最先登場的人物是卑彌呼，記載卑彌呼的歷史書有《魏志倭人傳》等?！段褐举寥藗鳌肥撬追Q，正式稱謂是《三國志?魏書?東夷傳?倭人條》，也就是說是《三國志》的一部分。本來卑彌呼派遣的使者之所以能夠到達(dá)魏都洛陽是因?yàn)樗抉R懿消滅了位于遼東的公孫政權(quán)，而實(shí)際上司馬懿能夠遠(yuǎn)征遼東是因?yàn)榭酌髟谖逭稍∷溃駠褬?gòu)不成威脅。這樣看來，日本從卑彌呼時(shí)期就與東亞局勢(shì)有著密切的聯(lián)系。該部分將展示與中國三國時(shí)期的倭國和《魏志倭人傳》有關(guān)的物品。
The first figure to appear in a Japanese history textbook is Himiko, whose description is found in such historical records as 'the Wo people in the History of Wei', the informal title of the entry of the Wo People in 'the Eastern Barbarians' in 'Book of Wei' in The History of the Three Kingdoms. i.e. a part of that book. The reason why the envoy sent by Himiko could reach Luoyang, the capital of Wei, is that Sima Yi had overthrown the Gongsun Regime in Liaodong, and Sima Yi's expedition against Liaodong was possible because the Kingdom of Shu posed no threat anymore after Zhuge Liang died of illness in Wuzhangyuan. Thus, Japan has been closely related to the situation in East Asia since the era of Himiko. This part shows articles related to the Kingdom of Wo during China's Three Kingdoms Period and 'the Wo People in the History of Wei'.
【發(fā)布時(shí)間】2014-01-10 【信息來源】管理員 【瀏覽點(diǎn)擊】2741次
