首頁新聞中心蘇州翻譯公司《大三國志展》歸國匯報展翻譯-文化類翻譯
“千古英雄——《大三國志展》歸國匯報展”
(《大三國志展》Great Romance of the Three Kingdoms)
“Heroes through the Ages”: Great Romance of the Three Kingdoms Returns to China
前 言
Foreword
2008年為紀(jì)念“中日和平友好條約”締結(jié)30周年，中日兩國專家歷經(jīng)三年，尋訪了中國境內(nèi)70余處與三國有關(guān)的歷史遺跡和博物館，從11個省市34家文博單位的藏品中遴選文物在日本舉辦了《大三國志展》。展覽一年內(nèi)在東京、名古屋等7個城市展出引起了巨大反響，創(chuàng)下了參觀中國文物展覽人數(shù)的記錄。
In order to commemorate the 30th anniversary of the conclusion of the Sino-Japanese Treaty for Peace and Friendship, experts from both China and Japan spent 3 years paying visits to over 70 historical relics and museums within the territory of China, selected collected items at 34 museums over 11 provinces and municipalities and exhibited them in Japan in 2008 under the title Great Romance of the Three Kingdoms. The year saw the exhibition become a sensation in seven Japanese cities,Tokyo,Nagoya, etc., and received a record audience for Chinese exhibitions held inJapan.
三國時代是中國歷史上的英雄時代，其政治、軍事和文化對后世產(chǎn)生了深遠(yuǎn)的影響。唐代詩歌中開始出現(xiàn)大量三國內(nèi)容。宋金元時代，三國故事搬上了舞臺。元末明初產(chǎn)生的《三國演義》使三國故事進(jìn)一步深入人心，成為戲劇和民間文化的常見的藝術(shù)母題。三國文化所體現(xiàn)的忠義、大一統(tǒng)、英雄主義等已構(gòu)成中國傳統(tǒng)文化的核心價值，并影響到中國周邊的亞洲國家。在今天的信息時代，三國題材歷久彌新，其影視、游戲、藝術(shù)等作品仍有著強大的生命力。
The Period of the Three Kingdoms was an age of heroism in Chinese history, whose politics, military and culture have left profound influences on the later generations. In the Tang Dynasty, a lot of poems were composed on figures and events in that period. In the Song, Jin and Yuan Dynasties, stories on the Three Kingdoms were adapted to stage plays or operas. In late Yuan and early Qing, these stories became household thanks to the immense popularity of Romance of the Three Kingdoms. They have constituted an important source of motifs ever since in drama and in folklore. “Loyalty & righteousness”, “grand unification”, heroism etc., as embodied in the culture of the Three Kingdoms, have found their way into the core values of traditional Chinese culture and influenced China’s neighbouring countries. In the current Information Age, this legendary period in the remote past is still providing materials for such artistic works as movie and games
三國時期，湖北是魏、吳、蜀三國交兵的重要戰(zhàn)場。吳國也曾兩度定都于湖北武昌（今鄂城市）。湖北有關(guān)三國的文化資源達(dá)181處，《三國演義》有120回，其中70余回涉及到湖北。湖北出土的三國文物如青瓷、銅鏡和佛教文物有著重要的學(xué)術(shù)價值和藝術(shù)價值。我館此次舉辦《大三國志展》是國內(nèi)博物館首次舉辦的三國文物特展，也是我省首次舉辦中國出國文物展覽的匯報展，旨在使觀眾深入地了解三國的歷史和文化。
In the Period of the Three Kingdoms,Hubeiwitnessed many important battles between Wei, Shu and Wu. As a matter of fact, the State ofWumadeWuchang,Hubei(now Echeng) its capital twice. In the province, the number of places or sites related to the Three Kingdoms amount to 181; out of 120 chapters in the monumental Chinese novel, Romance of Three Kingdoms, over 70 refer toHubei. As a result, many cultural relics unearthed here, such as celadon, bronze mirrors and Buddhist cultural relics, are all of great academic and artistic values. This exhibition ofThreeKingdomrelics, entitled Great Romance of the Three Kingdoms, is the first of its kind held by a domestic museum; and it is also the first time that a Chinese exhibition originally targeted at foreign visitors is reorganized back inChina. Its purpose is to deepen the Chinese visitors’ understanding of the history and culture in that historical period.
一、 政治、軍事
三國時期，曹魏出現(xiàn)了“九品中正制”和“行臺制”。前者以家世、道德、才能為標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，打破了漢代“察舉制”世族對人才評定的壟斷；后者從“尚書臺”（行政）分立出“中書監(jiān)”（決策），新設(shè)“行尚書臺”隨君主辦公，中國官制由此走向三省六部制。吳、蜀均以丞相掌握政事，軍權(quán)歸大司馬。諸葛亮死后蜀漢政事歸尚書事掌握。
三國軍事制度基本沿用漢制，但出現(xiàn)了子承父業(yè)，世代為兵的“世兵制”；負(fù)責(zé)治安防衛(wèi)的內(nèi)軍和負(fù)責(zé)邊防并從事屯田的外軍互不統(tǒng)屬的“內(nèi)外軍制”；軍政合一、跨行政區(qū)劃的“都督制”的新特點。另外，苦于戰(zhàn)亂庇護(hù)于豪強的農(nóng)民成為“部曲”，即戰(zhàn)時為兵，平時為農(nóng)的私家軍隊。
因戰(zhàn)爭頻仍，魏、吳、蜀在軍備、訓(xùn)練和技術(shù)方面都有很大進(jìn)步。曹魏有步軍、騎軍和水軍，出現(xiàn)了“百煉鋼”、兩襠鎧等裝備。吳軍以舟師為主，已有載兵千人的戰(zhàn)船。蜀軍以步兵為主，騎兵次之。諸葛亮發(fā)明的木牛流馬、八陣圖和連發(fā)十矢的連弩等是蜀國能與魏、吳長期抗衡的一個重要原因。
I. Politics and Military
During the period of theThreeKingdoms, the Nine-Grade Official System and the “Movable Office” or Xingtai System were adopted in the State ofWeiunder the reign of the Cao family. While the former, with family background, morality and ability as criteria, broke the monopoly of talent assessment by the “talent discovering and recommending” families in the Han Dynasty, the latter established the Secretariat (Zhong Shu Jian, in charge of decision making) independent of the Department of State Affairs (Shang Shu Tai, an administrative organ) and the Branch Departments of State Affairs to assist the emperor in handling office affairs. It was since then that Chinese official system began its evolution into the System of Three Departments and Six Ministries. In Wu and Shu, the Grand Councillor was in charge of political affairs, while Dasima, or the Grand Commandant, was in charge of military. After Zhuge Liang died, the administrative affairs in the State ofShufell into the hands of Shangshushi, a high-rank official.
The military system had been basically the same as that in the Han Dynasty. However, there were differences. For instance, the Hereditary Military Service System appeared; the Inner Services whose major duty was to maintain social security and the Outer Services which defended the borders and cultivated land at stations existed side by side and independent from each other; and the “military governor (dudu) system” took on new features and began to empower military governors to handle political affairs across different administrative divisions. Besides, peasants who suffered from war and wished to seek shelter from warlords organized themselves into buqu legions, private troops which fought in times of war and farmed in times of peace.
Because of incessant war, Wei, Wu andChumade great progress in armament, training and technology. The services of Wei under the reign of the Cao family consisted of infantry, cavalry and navy and began to be armed with such advanced weapons as “steel quenched a hundred times” and two-crotch armour. In the services of the State ofWu, navy played the major part; and they were already capable of building ships which could hold 1,000 soldiers. In the services of Shu, infantry was given top priority and cavalry ranked second. Zhuge Liang’s inventions like the “wooden ox and floating horse”, the “eight battle formation”, the repeating crossbow capable of shooting ten arrows at a time etc. were reasons why Shu could be evenly matched with Wei and Wu in such a long time.
二、 經(jīng)濟生活
東漢末年，中原豪強世族為避戰(zhàn)亂建立塢堡以自衛(wèi)，并以此形成自給自足的莊園經(jīng)濟。當(dāng)時幣制未能統(tǒng)一，私錢盛行，布帛谷栗等實物擔(dān)負(fù)了貨幣功能。曹魏推行屯田、興修水利，社會生產(chǎn)逐漸恢復(fù)，都城建設(shè)、大型官營手工業(yè)作坊等開創(chuàng)了新局面。
吳國因戰(zhàn)亂較少，北方人口大量遷入促使了江南地區(qū)的經(jīng)濟開發(fā)。武昌（今湖北省鄂州市）冶鑄業(yè)、豫章郡（今南昌）的“雞鳴布”、三吳的“八蠶之綿”和青瓷業(yè)都居領(lǐng)先地位。建業(yè)（今南京）、吳郡（今蘇州）、番禺等城市已與海外有貿(mào)易往來。
蜀地沃野千里，物產(chǎn)豐饒。劉備入蜀后鑄“直百錢”整頓當(dāng)?shù)鼗靵y的財政。諸葛亮整修都江堰，發(fā)展鹽、鐵和織錦業(yè)，其金、銀、丹、漆、耕牛、戰(zhàn)馬等物質(zhì)保障了蜀漢的軍費供給。成都亦成為三國時期的主要商業(yè)都會。
II. Economy
In the late Eastern Han Dynasty, the warlords and powerful families in the Central Plains built castles to defend themselves and shelter themselves from war. As a result, a self-sufficient manorial economy came into being. During that period, since there was no unified currency, private “security money” was widely used, and cloth, silk, grains, etc. were often used as currencies. Cao Wei introduced and encouraged its people to open up wasteland and built a lot of water facilities. Consequently, social protection recovered gradually; new advances were made in capital & urban construction, establishment of large state-run workshops etc.
The State ofWuhad seen fewer wars. A lot of immigrants from northernChinahad boosted its economy. The metalworking industry in Wuchang (nowEzhou,HubeiProvince), Jiming cloth (literally “cloth woven when the roosters sing”) inYuzhangPrefecture(nowNanchang), the “eight-silkworm” silk (ba can zhi mian) and the celadon industry in Sanwu were all at the heads of the professions. Cities like Jianye (nowNanjing), Wujun (nowSuzhou) and Panyu began to have trade contacts with foreign countries.
The State ofShuboasted thousands of acres fertile land and rich natural products. After Liu Bei gained control ofSichuan, he unified the currency system and rectified the local finances. Zhege Liang presided over the construction of Doujiang Dam, developed the salt, iron and silk-weaving industries. The output of gold, silver, lacquer, ploughing cattle, battle horses etc. guaranteed the steady supply of military expenses in Shu Han.Chengdubecame one of the major trade centres in the Period of the Three Kingdoms.
三、精神、藝術(shù)
三國時期曹魏禁止厚葬有其經(jīng)濟原因，但也反映出人們對死后世界的觀念發(fā)生變化。當(dāng)時墓葬的隨葬品多是日常生活用器，秦漢以來流行的神仙思想在搖錢樹、銅鏡和繪畫等作品上仍可見到。
東漢末年的戰(zhàn)亂使佛教與道教得到發(fā)展。張角的太平道和張道陵的五斗米道是為道教的雛型。文獻(xiàn)記載中國的銅佛像最早出現(xiàn)在三國時期。在孫吳墓葬中發(fā)現(xiàn)了中國最早的佛教紋樣，表明佛教傳入中國有經(jīng)西域和經(jīng)東南亞的兩條路線。南方佛像的藝術(shù)風(fēng)格更接近南印度流行的“秣菟羅”(Mathura)風(fēng)格，而不是北印度的“犍陀羅”(Gandhara)風(fēng)格。除佛像雕塑外，甘肅武威出土的東漢末年的“馬踏飛燕”、四川新都出土的說唱俑等雕塑品堪稱絕世佳作。三國時期的書法和具有生活氣息的民間繪畫也都開辟了新天地。
III. Spirit and Art
During the Period of the Three Kingdoms, lavish funerals were banned in Cao Wei, which may be partly attributed to economic reasons. However, this is also a refection of the change in people’s view of the after world. At that time, burial objects were mostly those for daily use, though “money-bearing trees”, bronze mirrors and paintings which reflect people’s pursuit of immortality prevalent in the Qing and Han dynasties could also be seen.
The war and chaos in the late Eastern Han Dynasty stimulated the development of Buddhism and Taoism. The Taipingdao (literally “Peace”) Sect founded by Zhang Jiao and the Wudoumidao sect (literally “sect of five dippers rice”) were nothing but prototypes of Taoism.China’s earliest bronze Buddha statue was also made during the Period of the Three Kingdoms. In ancient Wu tombs, Buddhist patterns have been discovered, the earliest of their kind in China, which indicates that the spread of Buddhism to China had followed two routes, one by way of the West Region (Xi Yu) and the other by way of Southeast Asia. The artistic style of Buddhist statues in South China is nearer to theMathurastyle popular in southernIndia, rather than the Gandhara style in northernIndia. Besides Buddhist statues and sculptures, Horse Stepping on a Swallow (sculpture) of late Eastern Han unearthed inWuwei,Gansu, the singer-and-dancer figurines unearthed in Xindu, Sichuang etc. are also extraordinary works of art. In this period, the calligraphy and folk paintings bristling with life are also of unique styles.
四、三國文化
三國時代不過百余年，但對中國傳統(tǒng)文化的形成產(chǎn)生了深遠(yuǎn)的影響。它除了體現(xiàn)在官方所提倡的忠義、大一統(tǒng)等意識形態(tài)上，還融入到了民間信仰中，如關(guān)羽、諸葛亮崇拜。全國的三國遺跡遍及20余省市約1200處，許多都是《三國演義》和民間三國傳說的產(chǎn)物，這是中國傳統(tǒng)文化中絕無僅有的現(xiàn)象。
唐宋以來，三國故事一直是中國傳統(tǒng)文化的經(jīng)典母題。三國文化所宣揚的忠義、仁德、英雄主義等在塑造民族心靈過程中已成為民族核心價值觀的一部分。因此，中國傳統(tǒng)社會尤其是在明清時期，社會生活和民間文化的各個方面大到建筑、雕塑、戲劇、曲藝，小到繪畫、說書、皮影、剪紙等民間藝術(shù)，三國故事始終受到社會各界的普遍喜歡。
IV. Culture of the Three Kingdoms
Considering the 100-plus years it lasted, the Period of the Three Kingdoms was fairly short. However, it has exerted far-reaching influences on the formation of traditional Chinese culture. These influences can be found not only in the ideological system favoured by the ruling class, which values such concepts as loyalty, “grand unification”, but also in folk beliefs, in particular, the worship of Guan Yu and Zhuge Liang. There are about 1,200 historical sites left from the Period of the Three Kingdoms, which are scattered across more than 20 provinces inChina. Many are constructed based upon Romance of theThreeKingdomsand related legends. This phenomenon is rare in traditional Chinese culture.
Since the Tang and Song Dynasty, stories on figures and events in the Period of the Three Kingdoms have been a source of classic motifs. Concepts preached by the culture of the Three Kingdoms, such as loyalty, virtuousness, moral force, heroism etc. have become part of Chinese core values while the Chinese national spirit was in the making. Therefore, in traditional Chinese society especial during Ming and Qing, stories on the Three Kingdoms were universally popular by all the social circles in all aspects of social life and folk culture--architecture, sculpture, drama, painting, story-telling, shadow plays, paper-cutting etc.
1. 桃園結(jié)義
劉備(161～223)字玄德，涿郡涿縣(今河北省涿州)人，漢中山靖王劉勝之后。184年黃巾軍起事，遂與關(guān)羽、張飛起兵參與平定。208年劉備與孫權(quán)聯(lián)兵敗曹操于赤壁，后奪取益州（今成都）與漢中，于221年在成都稱漢皇帝，年號章武，是為蜀漢開國皇帝。223年因伐東吳兵敗，在白帝城病逝，謚號昭烈帝。
關(guān)羽 (160? ～220)字云長，并州解縣（今山西省運城市）人。官渡之戰(zhàn)因功封漢壽亭侯。蜀漢建國，拜前將軍。建安24年破樊城曹軍，威震華夏。后吳將呂蒙襲破荊州，關(guān)羽敗走麥城為馬忠擒殺，謚“壯繆侯”。關(guān)羽為人忠義仁厚，后世廣受崇拜。唐代關(guān)羽進(jìn)入武廟，配享姜太公。宋代封“義勇武安王”。元代封“壯繆義勇武安顯靈英濟王”，明代封為“三界伏魔大帝神威遠(yuǎn)震天尊關(guān)圣帝君”，其廟與孔廟并列為“武廟”。清代封“忠義神武仁勇威顯護(hù)國保民精誠綏靖翊贊宣德關(guān)圣大帝”。民間則另尊為財神。
張飛（? ～221）字益德，涿郡涿縣人（今河北省涿州市）。破呂布有功拜中郎將。長坂坡以一人之勇喝退曹軍。隨劉備入川，先后收降蜀將嚴(yán)顏，擊敗曹魏張郃。蜀漢建國，拜車騎將軍，封西鄉(xiāng)侯。公元221年劉備伐吳。臨行前，為部將張達(dá)、范強刺殺。
1. Swearing to be bothers in the peach garden
Liu Bei (161～223), alias Xuande, was from Zhuo County, Zhuo Prefecture (now Zhuozhou, Hebei Province). A descendent of Prince Jing of Zhongshan, he recruited an army with Guan Yu and Zhang Fei to suppress the Yellow Turban Uprising in 184. In 208, Liu Bei formed an alliance with Sun Quan and thrashed Cao Cao’s expedition at the Red Cliff. Later, he seized Yizhou (nowChengdu) and Hanzhong in 208 and proclaimed himself Emperor of Han with his reign title Zhangwu. He was in effect the founder emperor of Shu Han. In 223, he suffered a bitter defeat on his expedition against Wu and passed away in Baidicheng. He was given the honorary title Emperor Zhaolie.
Guan Yu (160? ～220), alias Yuzhang, was from Jiexian, Bingzhou (now Yucheng, Shanxi). Because of his meritorious military service in the Battle of Guandu, he was made Duke of Shouting. When Shu Han was founded, he was made General of the Forward Army. In the 24th year of Jian’an, he defeated the Cao troops at Fancheng and became well-known all loverChina. Later, Lu Meng, a Wu general, seized Fancheng and Guan escaped to Maicheng, where he was captured and killed by Ma Zhong. After his death, he was conferred the honorary title Duke Zhuangmiao. Being a man of loyalty, righteousness and generosity, he was generally worshipped by later generations. In the Tang Dynasty, Guan Yu was enshrined at theMartialTemple, where Jiang Ziya (the famous Grand Councillor and one of the founders of the Zhou Dynasty) was worshipped with him. The following dynasties, Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing saw him receive a series of honorary titles and the admiration for him grow steadily until in the end he became a figure parallel to Confucius. He is worshipped by common Chinese folks as the God of Wealth.
Zhang Fei (? ～221), alias Yide, was from Zhuo County, Zhuo Prefecture (now Zhuozhou City, Hebei Province). Because of his meritorious service in the battle against Lu Bu, he was made Commandant (or Zhonglang General). At Changbanpo, he repelled Cao Cao’s troops temporarily relying upon his courage and valour. Later, as one of Liu Bei’s generals, he went toSichuan. His remarkable feats include incorporating General Yan Yan and defeating Zhang He, a famous general of the State ofWei. After Shu Han was founded, he served as General of Chariots and Cavalry and was made Duke of Xixiang. In 221 AD, Liu Bei waged a war against Wu. Before they took leave, he was assassinated by Zhang Da and Fan Jiang two of his subordinate officers.
2. 三顧茅廬
2. Liu Bei paid three visits to a cottage
《隆中對》
建安十二年(207年)，劉備“三顧茅廬”于南陽（今湖北襄樊）隆中，會見諸葛亮，問以統(tǒng)一天下大計，諸葛亮分析天下大勢后預(yù)見了曹操、孫權(quán)、劉備將三分天下的圖景，并提出奪荊州、益州作為根據(jù)地，外聯(lián)孫權(quán)，內(nèi)修政治；南撫夷越，西和諸戎等待時機成熟后分兵兩路北伐，恢復(fù)漢室，統(tǒng)一全國的戰(zhàn)略思想。這次談話即是著名的《隆中對》。
The Famous Conservation at Longzhong
In the 12th year of Jian’an (207), Liu Bei paid three visits to Zhuge Liang and finally met him in the latter’s cottage at Longzhong, Nanyang (nowXiangfan,Hubei). Liu inquired Zhuge about the way to unifyChina. After an analysis of the situation inChina, the famous strategist predicted that Cao Cao, Sun Quan and Liu Bei would each take one third ofChina. He proposed that Liu should seize Jingzhou and Yizhou as his foothold, align himself with Sun Quan in diplomacy, develop politically, appease the southern ethnic minorities, ally with the western ethnic minorities and, when the opportunity was ripe, send two expeditionary troops northward to unifyChinaand restore the Han Dynasty. This was the famous conservation on strategy at Longzhong.
諸葛亮（181～234），字孔明，號臥龍，山東瑯邪陽（今山東沂南縣）人，是中國歷史上集忠、孝、義、謀于一身的杰出政治家和軍事家。赤壁之戰(zhàn)前，劉備三顧茅廬延攬諸葛亮。諸葛亮為其定下聯(lián)吳抗曹的三分天下策略。戰(zhàn)后，劉備平定荊南四郡，拜諸葛亮為軍師中郎將。221年，劉備在益州（今成都）稱帝，諸葛亮為丞相。223年，劉備托孤于諸葛亮。其子劉禪封諸葛亮為武鄉(xiāng)侯，政事大小悉決于諸葛亮。諸葛亮平定南方后，于228～234年五次出兵伐魏（《三國演義》稱“六出祁山”實際僅兩出），最后一次卒于軍中，謚曰忠武侯。
Zhuge Liang (181～234), alias Kongming and poetic name Wolong (literally “Crouching Dragon”), was from Yangdu, Langya, Shandong (now Xinan, Shandong). He was an outstanding statesman and military strategist boasting such traditional Chinese merits as loyalty, filialness, righteousness and resourcefulness. Before theBattleof the Red Cliff, Liu Bei paid three visits to the cottage Zhuge Liang lived trying to enlist his help. Zhuge formulated the strategy of “allying with Wu to resist Cao and gain control of one third ofChina”. After the battle, Liu Bei pacified four prefectures to the south of Jingzhou and made Zhuge Liang his Military Advisor and Commandant. In 221, Liu Bei proclaimed himself emperor in Yizhou (nowChengdu) and Zhuge served as Grand Councillor. In 223, at his death bed, Liu Bei entrusted his orphaned son Liu Chan to the latter’s care. The successor made Zhuge Liang Duke of Wuxiang and followed his instruction on political affairs, whether important or trivial. After Zhuge Liang pacified the south, he started 5 wars against Wei from 228-234. (In the novel Romance of the Three Kingdoms, Zhugeliang went on “six expeditions out ofQishanMountains”, but in fact only two of them took that route). He deceased on the last expeditions and received the honorary title Duke of Loyalty & Martial Accomplishment.
曹操(155～220)字孟德，沛國譙縣（今安徽亳州）人。父親曹嵩為曹騰養(yǎng)子本姓夏侯。黃巾起義，曹操為騎都尉參與平定。后又討伐董卓，戰(zhàn)勝呂布、袁術(shù)等軍閥。公元200年在官渡（河南中牟縣東北）打敗袁紹。曹操平定河北后，北伐烏桓，基本統(tǒng)一了中國北方。208年，拜為丞相。赤壁之戰(zhàn)后，陸續(xù)擊敗馬超、張魯。公元213年封為魏國國王。曹操重視農(nóng)業(yè)，用人唯才，抑制豪強，北方社會經(jīng)濟得到恢復(fù)和發(fā)展。曹操在軍事、文學(xué)均有極高造詣。220年，曹操逝世于洛陽，謚號“武王”。其子曹丕稱帝后，追謚為“武帝”。
Cao Cao (155～220), alias Mengde, was from Qiaoxian County in the State of Pei (now Bozhou, Anhui). His father Cao Song, with Xiahou as his original family name, was adopted by Cao Teng. Cao Cao was engaged in crushing the uprising as General Commandant of Cavalry. Later, he participated in the crusade against Dong Zhuo and beat such warlords as Lu Bu and Yuan Shu. In 200 AD, he won a landslide victory against Yuan Sao at Guandu (now northwest ofZhongmou County,Henan). After he pacifiedHebei, he led a northward expedition against Wuhuan and then succeeded in unifying northernChina. In 208, he was promoted to Grand Councillor. After a failure at the Red Cliff, he defeated Ma Cao and Zhang Lu in a succession. In 231, he was made monarch of Wei. Cao attached much importance to agriculture. He enlisted talented people and restricted the power of despots. Thanks to his efforts, the society and economy in northernChinawere able to recover and develop in spite of war and chaos. Cao was a great military strategist and a man of letters. When he died in Luo Yang in 220, he received the honorary title “Prince of Military Accomplishments” (Wu Wang), which was changed to “Emperor of Military Accomplishments” (Wu Di) after his son Cao Pi proclaimed himself emperor.
孫權(quán)（182～252），字仲謀。吳郡富春縣（今浙江富陽）人。公元208年，曹操下江南，孫權(quán)聯(lián)合劉備大破曹軍于赤壁。217年，魏吳再戰(zhàn)于濡須口(今安徽無為北)，雙方均不能致勝，遂和。219年，關(guān)羽攻打樊城，孫權(quán)用呂蒙乘勢奪荊州。221年，劉備稱起兵攻東吳，孫權(quán)用陸遜在彝陵（今湖北宜昌東）大敗劉備。229年孫權(quán)在武昌（今湖北鄂州）稱帝，旋即遷都建業(yè)（今江蘇南京市）。孫權(quán)在位24年，江南經(jīng)濟得以發(fā)展。死后謚號大皇帝，廟號太祖。
Sun Quan (182～252), alias Zhongmou, was born in Fuchun County, Wujun Prefecture (now Fuyang, Zhejiang). In 208 AD, Cao Cao led his expedition southward. Sun allied with Liu Bei and routed Cao’s forces around the Red Cliff. In 217, Wei and Wu went to war a second time at Ruxukou (located now north ofWuwei,Anhui). Neither of the two sides failed to gain victory, so they made peace. In 219, Guan Yu attacked Fancheng; Sun took advantage of this opportunity and ordered his general Lu Meng to seized Jingzhou. In 221, Liu Bei started a war against Wu. Sun Quan appointed Lu Xun commander of his troops and won a landslide victory in Yiling (now east ofYichang,Hubei). In 229, Sun proclaimed himself emperor in Wuchang (nowEzhou,Hubei) and soon moved his capital to Jianye (nowNanjing,JIangsu). During his 24-year reign, the economy in southernChinaattained prosperity. After his death, Sun received Great Emperor as his honorary title and Founder Emperor as his temple title.
朱然（182～249）字義封，丹陽故彰（今浙江安吉西北）人，13歲過繼給舅父朱治為子，少時為孫權(quán)同窗好友。及長為孫權(quán)所器重。曾協(xié)助潘璋擒關(guān)羽，后代呂蒙守江陵。223年，魏曹真、張郃等攻江陵半年之久，無功而反。朱然威名遠(yuǎn)揚，后官至左大司馬，右軍師。249年病卒，孫權(quán)素服舉哀。朱然墓1984年在馬鞍山被發(fā)現(xiàn)，出土各類文物140余件，是三國時期最重要的考古發(fā)現(xiàn)之一。
Zhu Ran (182～249), alias Yifeng, was born in Guzhang, Danyang (now located northwest of Anji, Zhejiang). At the age of 13, he was adopted by his uncle Zhu Zhi. When young, he went to the same school with Sun Quan and befriended him. After he grew up, he was regarded highly by Sun. One of his feats was that he and Pan Zhang captured Guan Yu. Later, he took Lu Meng’s place as the head of the garrisons in Jiangling. In 223, Cao Zhen and Zhang He-- two Wei generals—attempted to take Jiangling by force, but in vain. Thus Zhu’s fame went far and wide. Later, Zhu served as Left Grand Commandant and Right Grand Military Advisor. When he died of illness in 249, Sun Quan wore a white mourning dress to commemorate him. In 1984, Zhu Ran’s tomb was discovered in Ma’anshang. More than 140 relics of various kinds were unearthed—this is one of the most important archaeological discoveries related to the Period of the Three Kingdoms.
赤壁之戰(zhàn)
赤壁之戰(zhàn)是中國歷史上最著名的以弱勝強的戰(zhàn)爭。建安十三年（公元208年），曹操基本統(tǒng)一北方后率領(lǐng)大軍南征荊州。荊州劉琮投降，曹操遂討伐孫權(quán)。孫權(quán)和劉備組成聯(lián)軍，由周瑜指揮，周瑜采納部將黃蓋所獻(xiàn)火攻計，黃蓋又致書曹操詐降，曹操中計。在長江赤壁(今湖北赤壁市西北)一帶大破曹軍，從此奠定了三國鼎立格局。
TheBattleof the Red Cliff, or Chibi
TheBattleof the Red Cliff is among the most famous wars in Chinese history in which the weak overwhelmed the strong. In the 13th year of Jian’an (208 AD), having basically united northernChina, Cao Cao led his army on an expedition aimed at taking Jingzhou. Liu Cong surrendered Jing Zhou to Cao, who then decided to go to war with Sun Quan. Sun and Liu Bei joined their forces and placed them under the command of Zhou Yu, who adopted General Huang Gai’s advice and attacked Cao’s troops with fire around the Red Cliff along the Yangtze. Cao was routed. Hence the layout of the Three Kingdoms came into being.
星落秋風(fēng)五丈原
Wuzhangyuan Campaign and the Death of Zhuge Liang
五丈原之戰(zhàn)。建興十二年（234）二月，諸葛亮率大軍出斜谷道，據(jù)武功五丈原（今陜西岐山南），屯田于渭濱。司馬懿據(jù)守不出。八月，諸葛亮卒于五丈原。楊儀等率軍還，遂有“死諸葛走生仲達(dá)”事。
Wuzhangyuan Battle. In the second lunar month in the 12th year of Jianxing, Zhuge Liang led the Shu troops on an expedition against Wu by way of Xiegu Route, seized Wuzhangyuan, Wugong (located now south to Qishan, Shaanxi) and stationed garrisons to grow their own food there. Sima Yi wisely adopted the defensive strategy and refrained from risking an attack. In August, Zhuge died in Wuzhangyuan. Yang Yi etc. took his place to lead the troops back. What happened next was a very famous story in Chinese history—“Dead Zhuge Liang frightened off living Sima Yi”.
犍陀羅風(fēng)格。犍陀羅地區(qū)位于巴基斯坦和阿富汗境內(nèi)，處于中亞交通的要沖，曾經(jīng)深受希臘羅馬文化的影響。其特色在于寫實，造像風(fēng)格略具西方雕塑的特色，人像外觀上高鼻、深眼、卷發(fā)、蓄胡和通肩式袈裟的造型。
Gandhara style. Gandhara is a region located inPakistanandAfghanistan. As a traffic hub inCentral Asia, it was deeply influenced by Greek and Roman culture. In terms of statue building, the influence is represented in its realism. With a tinge of Western style, the statues built here feature high noses, deep-set eyes and curled hair and are usually bearded men clad in both-shouldered robes.
秣菟羅風(fēng)格。秣菟羅是印度北方邦古城，位于德里以南150公里處。其特色保留印度原有的風(fēng)格。佛陀螺發(fā)右旋，肉髻高圓，兩眉之間有白毫，造像薄衣透體，衣飾呈袒右肩式，衣紋常有隆起的楞狀上加刻陰線。
Mathura style.Mathurais an ancient town in northernIndialocated150kmsouth toDelhi. In statue building, the 【發(fā)布時間】2014-01-07 【信息來源】管理員 【瀏覽點擊】3956次
